Abstract
Extreme high temperatures detrimental to maize production are projected to occur more frequently with future climate change. Phenology and yield-related traits were investigated under several levels of elevated temperature in two early-maturing hybrid cultivars: Junda 6 (grown in northeastern China) and Chalok 1 (grown in South Korea). They were cultivated in plastic houses in Suwon, Korea (37.27°N, 126.99°E) held at target temperatures of ambient (AT), AT + 1.5 °C, AT + 3 °C, and AT + 5 °C at one sowing date in 2013 and three different sowing dates in 2014. Vegetative and reproductive growth durations showed variation depending on sowing date, experimental year, and cultivar. Growth duration tended to decrease, but not necessarily, with temperature elevation, but somewhat increased again above a certain temperature. High temperature-dependent variation was greater during grain filling than in the vegetative period before anthesis. Elevated temperature showed no significant effects on duration or peak dates of silking and anthesis, and thus on anthesis–silking interval. Grain yield tended to decrease with temperature elevation above ambient, showing a sharper linear decrease with mean growing season temperature increase in Junda 6 than in Chalok 1. The decrease in kernel number accounted for a much greater contribution to the yield reductions due to temperature elevation than did the decrease in individual kernel weight in both cultivars. Individual harvestable kernel weight was not significantly affected by temperature elevation treatments. Kernel number showed a linear decrease with mean growth temperature from early ear formation to early grain-filling stage, with Junda 6 showing a much severer decrease than Chalok 1. Kernel number reduction due to temperature elevation was attributable more to the decrease in differentiated ovule number than to the decrease in kernel set in Chalok 1, but largely to the decrease of kernel set in Junda 6.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetative and reproductive growth durations varied by sowing date, year and cultivar.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Vegetative and reproductive growth durations showed variation depending on sowing date, experimental year, and cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth duration generally shortened with warming, though it sometimes rose again above a threshold temperature.
- Treatment
- temperature elevatione0
- Outcome
- Growth duratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- somewhat increased again above a certain temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Growth duration tended to decrease, but not necessarily, with temperature elevation, but somewhat increased again above a certain temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature dependent variation was greater in grain filling than before anthesis.
- Organ / stage
- grain fillinge0
- Treatment
- High temperaturee0
- Outcome
- temperature-dependent variatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- the vegetative period before anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“High temperature-dependent variation was greater during grain filling than in the vegetative period before anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature had no significant effect on silking and anthesis duration or peak dates, or their interval.
- Treatment
- Elevated temperaturee0
- Outcome
- duration or peak dates of silking and anthesis, and thus on anthesis–silking intervale0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Elevated temperature showed no significant effects on duration or peak dates of silking and anthesis, and thus on anthesis–silking interval”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield tended to fall with temperature elevation above ambient.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Grain yield tended to decrease with temperature elevation above ambient”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield decline per increase in mean growing season temperature was sharper in Junda 6 than in Chalok 1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“showing a sharper linear decrease with mean growing season temperature increase in Junda 6 than in Chalok 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel number loss contributed more to warming related yield loss than kernel weight loss in both cultivars.
- Treatment
- temperature elevatione0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- much greater contributione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The decrease in kernel number accounted for a much greater contribution to the yield reductions due to temperature elevation than did the decrease in individual kernel weight in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual harvestable kernel weight was not significantly affected by temperature elevation.
- Treatment
- temperature elevation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Individual harvestable kernel weighte0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Individual harvestable kernel weight was not significantly affected by temperature elevation treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel number declined linearly as mean temperature rose from early ear formation through early grain filling.
- Organ / stage
- early ear formation to early grain-filling stagee0
- Treatment
- mean growth temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Kernel numbere0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Kernel number showed a linear decrease with mean growth temperature from early ear formation to early grain-filling stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The kernel number decline with warming was more severe in Junda 6 than Chalok 1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“with Junda 6 showing a much severer decrease than Chalok 1”
Claim · model-written summary
In Chalok 1, the warming related kernel number reduction was attributable more to fewer differentiated ovules than lower kernel set.
- Material
- Chalok 1e0
- Organ / stage
- differentiated ovulee0
- Treatment
- temperature elevatione0
- Outcome
- Kernel number reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“Kernel number reduction due to temperature elevation was attributable more to the decrease in differentiated ovule number than to the decrease in kernel set in Chalok 1”
Claim · model-written summary
In Junda 6, the warming related kernel number reduction was largely attributable to reduced kernel set.
- Material
- Junda 6e0
- Organ / stage
- kernel sete0
- Treatment
- temperature elevatione1
- Outcome
- Kernel number reductione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“but largely to the decrease of kernel set in Junda 6”
e1“Kernel number reduction due to temperature elevation”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.