Abstract
Flower development in opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L. `album DC') is enhanced by long photoperiods (PP ≥ 16-hours). Predicting time to flower in field-grown opium poppy requires knowledge of which developmental stages are sensitive to PP and how the rate of flower development is changed by changes in PP. The objective of this work was to determine when poppy plants first demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP and how long PP continued to influence the time to first flower under consistent temperature conditions. Plants were grown in artificially lit growth chambers with either a 16- (inductive) or a 9-hour PP (noninductive). Plants were transferred at 1 to 3-day intervals from a 16- to a 9-hour PP and vice versa. All chambers were maintained at a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25/20°C. Poppy plants demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP four days after emergence and required a minimum of four inductive cycles before the plant flowered. Additional inductive cycles, up to of a maximum of nine, hastened flowering. After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by PP. These results indicate four phases between emergence and first flower: 1) a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP); 2) a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP); 3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP); and 4) a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Poppy plants showed developmental changes in response to photoperiod four days after emergence.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
Papaver somniferumt0 - Outcome
- developmental changes in response to PPe1
- Qualifier
- four days after emergencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e1“Poppy plants demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP four days after emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
A minimum of four inductive cycles was required before the poppy plant flowered.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- flowerede2
- Value
- a minimum of four inductive cyclese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e2“required a minimum of four inductive cycles before the plant flowered”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional inductive cycles, up to a maximum of nine, hastened flowering.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Treatment
- Additional inductive cyclese3
- Outcome
- floweringe3
- Direction
- hastenede3
- Value
- a maximum of ninee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e3“Additional inductive cycles, up to of a maximum of nine, hastened flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by photoperiod.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Treatment
- PPe4
- Outcome
- flowering timee4
- Direction
- no longer influencede4
- Qualifier
- After 13 inductive cyclese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e4“After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by PP”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower development in opium poppy has four phases between emergence and first flower.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- four phases between emergence and first flowere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e5“These results indicate four phases between emergence and first flower”
Claim · model-written summary
The juvenile phase (JP) lasted a minimum of 4 days under the conditions of the experiment.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- minimum durationse6
- Value
- JP = 4e6
- Qualifier
- under the conditions of our experimente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e6“The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14”
Claim · model-written summary
The photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP) lasted a minimum of 4 days under the conditions of the experiment.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- minimum durationse6
- Value
- PSP = 4e6
- Qualifier
- under the conditions of our experimente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e6“The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14”
Claim · model-written summary
The photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP) lasted a minimum of 9 days under the conditions of the experiment.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- minimum durationse6
- Value
- PSPP = 9e6
- Qualifier
- under the conditions of our experimente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e6“The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14”
Claim · model-written summary
The photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP) lasted a minimum of 14 days under the conditions of the experiment.
- Taxon
- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)Papaver somniferumt0
- Outcome
- minimum durationse6
- Value
- PIPP = 14e6
- Qualifier
- under the conditions of our experimente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)”
e6“The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14”