Abstract
Abstract Objective Sorghum has received great interest for resistance to heavy metals. Therefore, effects of Aluminum (Al), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) concentrations (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 ppm) on antioxidant enzyme systems of Sorghum in root and leaf tissues were investigated. Methods Seeds were cultivated in hydroponic Hoagland solution containing heavy metal concentrations in a growth chamber. Malondialdehyde (MDA), proline levels, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were evaluated after treatment. Results Al doses decreased chlorophyll a (Chl a) at 4 ppm and subsequent doses, and total Chl at 32 and 64 ppm doses, however, it did not cause any change at Chl b except at 2 ppm. Although 64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl, it increased proline level (nearly 5, 21 and 40 times higher compared to control, respectively) in leaf. Common observation is that positive correlation was apparent between proline, MDA, APX and GST activity for Al and Cr treatments and GST activity for three elements in root. Also, the only positive correlation was evident between proline and MDA for Al and Cr applications in leaf. Conclusion Although sorghum is resistant to heavy metals, induction of antioxidant enzymes seem to be not enough at higher concentrations to protect cells from heavy metal toxicity; however, it has great importance for further studies to find out whether phenolic compounds produced in sorghum have additive role in this regard.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Al reduced sorghum chlorophyll a at 4 ppm and higher doses.
SorghumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al doses decreased chlorophyll a (Chl a) at 4 ppm and subsequent doses”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Al reduced total sorghum chlorophyll at 32 and 64 ppm.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total Chl at 32 and 64 ppm doses”
e1“Al doses decreased chlorophyll a (Chl a) at 4 ppm and subsequent doses, and total Chl at 32 and 64 ppm doses”
e2“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Al caused no chlorophyll b change except at 2 ppm.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not cause any change at Chl b except at 2 ppm”
e1“Al doses decreased chlorophyll a”
e2“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Al decreased total chlorophyll.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Cr decreased total chlorophyll.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Pb decreased total chlorophyll.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Al increased leaf proline nearly fivefold versus control.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- proline levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- nearly 5e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl, it increased proline level (nearly 5, 21 and 40 times higher compared to control, respectively) in leaf”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Cr increased leaf proline 21-fold versus control.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Cre0
- Outcome
- proline levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl, it increased proline level (nearly 5, 21 and 40 times higher compared to control, respectively) in leaf”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
At 64 ppm Pb increased leaf proline 40-fold versus control.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Pbe0
- Outcome
- proline levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40 times highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64 ppm of Al, Cr, and Pb decreased total Chl, it increased proline level (nearly 5, 21 and 40 times higher compared to control, respectively) in leaf”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Root proline, MDA, APX and GST were positively correlated under Al and Cr treatment.
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Al and Cr treatmentse0
- Outcome
- proline, MDA, APX and GST activitye0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive correlation was apparent between proline, MDA, APX and GST activity for Al and Cr treatments and GST activity for three elements in root”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Root GST activity was positively correlated across all three metals.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive correlation was apparent between proline, MDA, APX and GST activity for Al and Cr treatments and GST activity for three elements in root”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf proline and MDA were positively correlated under Al and Cr.
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Al and Cr applicationse0
- Outcome
- proline and MDAe0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive correlation was evident between proline and MDA for Al and Cr applications in leaf”
e1“Sorghum in root and leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme induction appears insufficient at higher metal concentrations to protect sorghum cells.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induction of antioxidant enzymes seem to be not enough at higher concentrations to protect cells from heavy metal toxicity”
e1“sorghum is resistant to heavy metals”
The same questions in other papers
aluminium atom · physiology: osmolytes · SorghumResults differ
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
lead atom · physiology: osmolytes · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
chromium atom · physiology: osmolytes · SorghumPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.