Abstract
Little information about the effects of the forage conservation method on the biological activity of condensed tannins (CT) in the rumen is available. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the forage conservation method and CT in conserved forage on rumen fermentation. Purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent. ) containing 84.5 CT/kg DM was harvested at full flower and preserved as freeze-dried forage (FD), hay (H), or silage (S). Batch culture incubations were conducted using conserved forages as a substrate with and without inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which inactivates CT. The treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial design, and the incubation was repeated twice with quadruplicate fermentation vials for each treatment in each incubation. 15N labeled ammonium sulfate was used as a microbial N marker, and headspace gas was sampled to determine methane production. Concentrations of NDF and ADF were lower (P < 0.01) in FD than in H and S. Ensiling decreased (P < 0.001) total phenolics and extractable CT content but had no effect on total CT. Hay did not affect either extractable or total CT content. Hay and silage had lower (P < 0.01) true DM disappearance (TDMD) and NDF disappearance (NDFD) than S and FD, whereas inclusion of PEG did not affect TDMD or NDFD at 8, 24, or 72 h of incubation. Hay had lower microbial protein (MP) production (P < 0.001) than FD and S, and inclusion of PEG decreased (P < 0.001) MP at 24 or 72 h of incubation. Productions of total gas, methane, and total VFA and the rate of gas production were similar, but ammonia accumulation was higher (P < 0.05) for PEG than non-PEG treatments during 72-h incubation. Incubation with S produced VFA with a lower (P < 0.001) proportion of acetate but higher (P < 0.05) proportion of propionate, resulting in a lower (P < 0.001) acetate:propionate ratio as compared to that of FD or H after 8 h of incubation. No difference was observed between H and S in the VFA profile. Condensed tannins in PPC decreased protein degradation in the rumen but had minimal effects on overall rumen fermentation, and conservation of PPC as hay or silage had little effect on the efficacy of CT in modulating rumen fermentation.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried forage had lower NDF and ADF concentrations than hay and silage.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpurea
Dalea purpureae0 - Treatment
- freeze-dried forage (FD)e2
- Outcome
- Concentrations of NDF and ADFe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- H and Se1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Concentrations of NDF and ADF were lower (P < 0.01) in FD than in H and S”
e2“preserved as freeze-dried forage (FD), hay (H), or silage (S)”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ensiling decreased total phenolics and extractable condensed tannin content.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Ensilinge1
- Outcome
- total phenolics and extractable CT contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ensiling decreased (P < 0.001) total phenolics and extractable CT content but had no effect on total CT”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ensiling had no effect on total condensed tannin content.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Ensilinge1
- Outcome
- total CTe1
- Direction
- had no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ensiling decreased (P < 0.001) total phenolics and extractable CT content but had no effect on total CT”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay did not affect extractable or total condensed tannin content.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Haye1
- Outcome
- extractable or total CT contente1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Hay did not affect either extractable or total CT content”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay and silage had lower TDMD and NDFD than S and FD.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Hay and silagee1
- Outcome
- true DM disappearance (TDMD) and NDF disappearance (NDFD)e1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- S and FDe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Hay and silage had lower (P < 0.01) true DM disappearance (TDMD) and NDF disappearance (NDFD) than S and FD”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inclusion of PEG did not affect TDMD or NDFD at 8, 24 or 72 h of incubation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- inclusion of PEGe1
- Outcome
- TDMD or NDFDe1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Qualifier
- at 8, 24, or 72 h of incubatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“inclusion of PEG did not affect TDMD or NDFD at 8, 24, or 72 h of incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay had lower microbial protein production than freeze-dried forage and silage.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Haye1
- Outcome
- microbial protein (MP) productione1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- FD and Se1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Hay had lower microbial protein (MP) production (P < 0.001) than FD and S”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inclusion of PEG decreased MP at 24 or 72 h of incubation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- inclusion of PEGe1
- Outcome
- MPe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- at 24 or 72 h of incubatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“inclusion of PEG decreased (P < 0.001) MP at 24 or 72 h of incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total gas, methane and total VFA production were similar across the treatments.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Outcome
- Productions of total gas, methane, and total VFAe1
- Direction
- were similare1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Productions of total gas, methane, and total VFA and the rate of gas production were similar”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rate of gas production was similar across the treatments.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Outcome
- the rate of gas productione1
- Direction
- were similare1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Productions of total gas, methane, and total VFA and the rate of gas production were similar”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia accumulation was higher with PEG than without PEG during 72-h incubation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- PEGe1
- Outcome
- ammonia accumulatione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- during 72-h incubatione1
- Comparator
- non-PEG treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ammonia accumulation was higher (P < 0.05) for PEG than non-PEG treatments during 72-h incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage produced VFA with a lower proportion of acetate than freeze-dried or hay forage.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Incubation with Se1
- Outcome
- proportion of acetatee1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- FD or He1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Incubation with S produced VFA with a lower (P < 0.001) proportion of acetate but higher (P < 0.05) proportion of propionate, resulting in a lower (P < 0.001) acetate:propionate ratio as compared to that of FD or H after 8 h of incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage produced VFA with a higher proportion of propionate than freeze-dried or hay forage.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Incubation with Se1
- Outcome
- proportion of propionatee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- FD or He1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Incubation with S produced VFA with a lower (P < 0.001) proportion of acetate but higher (P < 0.05) proportion of propionate, resulting in a lower (P < 0.001) acetate:propionate ratio as compared to that of FD or H after 8 h of incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage gave a lower acetate:propionate ratio than freeze-dried or hay forage after 8 h of incubation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Incubation with Se1
- Outcome
- acetate:propionate ratioe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- after 8 h of incubatione1
- Comparator
- FD or He1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Incubation with S produced VFA with a lower (P < 0.001) proportion of acetate but higher (P < 0.05) proportion of propionate, resulting in a lower (P < 0.001) acetate:propionate ratio as compared to that of FD or H after 8 h of incubation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
No difference in VFA profile was observed between silage and hay.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Se1
- Outcome
- VFA profilee1
- Direction
- No differencee1
- Comparator
- He1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“No difference was observed between H and S in the VFA profile”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins decreased protein degradation in the rumen.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Compound
- Condensed tanninse1
- Outcome
- protein degradation in the rumene1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Condensed tannins in PPC decreased protein degradation in the rumen but had minimal effects on overall rumen fermentation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins had minimal effects on overall rumen fermentation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- Condensed tanninse1
- Outcome
- overall rumen fermentatione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Condensed tannins in PPC decreased protein degradation in the rumen but had minimal effects on overall rumen fermentation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation of the forage as hay or silage had little effect on the efficacy of condensed tannins in modulating rumen fermentation.
- Taxon
- Dalea purpureaDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- conservation of PPC as hay or silagee1
- Outcome
- efficacy of CT in modulating rumen fermentatione1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“conservation of PPC as hay or silage had little effect on the efficacy of CT in modulating rumen fermentation”
e0“Dalea purpurea Vent.”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: phytochemicals · Dalea purpurea (purple prairie-clover)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.