Abstract
Conservation methods have been shown to affect forage nutrient composition and value, but little information is available about the effect of forage conservation on plant condensed tannins (CT). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of conservation method on the concentration, chemical composition and biological activity of CT. Whole-plant purple prairie clover (PPC, Dalea purpurea Vent.) was harvested at full flower and conserved as freeze-dried forage (FD), hay (HAY) or silage (SIL). Concentration of CT in conserved PPC was determined by the butanol-HCl-acetone method. Structural composition, protein-precipitation capacity and anti-bacterial activity of CT isolated from conserved forage were determined by in situ thiolytic degradation followed by HPLC-MS analysis, a protein precipitation assay using bovine serum albumin and ribulose 1,5-disphosphate carboxylase as model proteins and by an Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth test, respectively. Conservation method had no effect on concentration of total CT, but ensiling decreased (p < 0.001) extractable CT and increased (p < 0.001) protein- and fiber-bound CT. In contrast, hay-making only increased (p < 0.01) protein-bound CT. Regardless of conservation method, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) were the major flavan-3-ol units, and gallocatechin (GC) was absent from both terminal and extension units of PPC CT. The SIL CT had the lowest (p < 0.001) EGC, but the highest (p < 0.01) EC in the extension units. Similarly, SIL CT exhibited a lower (p < 0.001) mean degree of polymerization (mDP), but higher (p < 0.001) procyanidins (PC) than FD or HAY CT. The protein-precipitating capacity of CT in conserved PPC ranked (p < 0.001) as FD > HAY > SIL. E. coli growth n M9 medium was inhibited by 25–100 µg/mL of CT isolated from FD, HAY and SIL (p < 0.05), but preservation method had no effect on the ability of CT to inhibit bacterial growth. The results demonstrated that ensiling decreased the extractability and protein-precipitating capacity of CT by increasing the proportions of PC. Purple prairie clover conserved as hay retained more biologically active CT than if it was conserved as silage.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation method did not affect total condensed tannin concentration.
- Taxon
- purple prairie clover
Dalea purpureat0 - Treatment
- Conservation methode0
- Outcome
- concentration of total CTe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conservation method had no effect on concentration of total CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Ensiling decreased extractable condensed tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- ensilinge0
- Outcome
- extractable CTe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ensiling decreased (p < 0.001) extractable CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Ensiling increased protein bound condensed tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- ensilinge0
- Outcome
- protein- and fiber-bound CTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ensiling decreased (p < 0.001) extractable CT and increased (p < 0.001) protein- and fiber-bound CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay making increased protein bound condensed tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- hay-makinge0
- Outcome
- protein-bound CTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hay-making only increased (p < 0.01) protein-bound CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Epigallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin were major flavan units across conservation methods.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Outcome
- epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) were the major flavan-3-ol unitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of conservation method, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) were the major flavan-3-ol units”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallocatechin was absent from terminal and extension units.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Outcome
- gallocatechin (GC) was absent from both terminal and extension units of PPC CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gallocatechin (GC) was absent from both terminal and extension units of PPC CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage tannins had the lowest extension unit EGC.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- SILe0
- Outcome
- EGCe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SIL CT had the lowest (p < 0.001) EGC”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage tannins had the highest extension unit EC.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- SILe0
- Outcome
- ECe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SIL CT had the lowest (p < 0.001) EGC, but the highest (p < 0.01) EC in the extension units”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage tannins had lower mean polymerization degree than freeze dried or hay tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- SIL CTe0
- Outcome
- mean degree of polymerization (mDP)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- FD or HAY CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIL CT exhibited a lower (p < 0.001) mean degree of polymerization (mDP), but higher (p < 0.001) procyanidins (PC) than FD or HAY CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Silage tannins had higher procyanidins than freeze dried or hay tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- SIL CTe0
- Outcome
- procyanidins (PC)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- FD or HAY CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIL CT exhibited a lower (p < 0.001) mean degree of polymerization (mDP), but higher (p < 0.001) procyanidins (PC) than FD or HAY CT”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein precipitation capacity ranked freeze dried above hay above silage.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- FDe0
- Outcome
- protein-precipitating capacity of CTe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Comparator
- HAY > SILe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The protein-precipitating capacity of CT in conserved PPC ranked (p < 0.001) as FD > HAY > SIL”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Condensed tannins from all three conservation methods inhibited E. coli growth at 25–100 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Interactor
- E. coli
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia colie0other - Outcome
- E. coli growthe0
- Value
- 25–100 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“E. coli growth n M9 medium was inhibited by 25–100 µg/mL of CT isolated from FD, HAY and SIL (p < 0.05)”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Preservation method did not alter bacterial growth inhibition by tannins.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- preservation methode0
- Outcome
- ability of CT to inhibit bacterial growthe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preservation method had no effect on the ability of CT to inhibit bacterial growth”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed reduced extractability and protein precipitation after ensiling to higher procyanidin proportions.
- Taxon
- Purple Prairie CloverDalea purpureat0
- Treatment
- ensilinge0
- Outcome
- extractability and protein-precipitating capacity of CTe0
- Qualifier
- increasing the proportions of PCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ensiling decreased the extractability and protein-precipitating capacity of CT by increasing the proportions of PC”
t0“Purple Prairie Clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay conserved more biologically active tannins than silage.
- Taxon
- Purple prairie cloverDalea purpureae0
- Treatment
- haye0
- Outcome
- biologically active CTe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Purple prairie clover conserved as hay retained more biologically active CT than if it was conserved as silage”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: phytochemicals · Dalea purpurea (purple prairie-clover)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.