Abstract
Field experiment was conducted in three years’ old mulberry (Morus alba L.) garden in black cotton soils of Research Extension Centre, Central Silk Board, Vikarabad during 2006-08 to study the efficacy of fly ash and farm yard manure and their interactions on soil enzymes, mulberry leaf yield and quality through bioassay (silkworm rearing). The findings revealed that the maximum mulberry yield (62.90 MT/ha/year), leaf moisture content (72.50%) and leaf moisture retention capacity (71.35%) were registered due to the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year), which were on par with the combined effect of fly ash (15 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year). With regard to silkworm rearing, the minimum larval duration (25.25 days), maximum 10 larval weight (52.60 g), effective rate of rearing (94.95%), single cocoon weight (2.150 g), single shell weight (0.431 g) and single shell ratio (20.25%) were recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ ha/year), of which on par with the associative effect of fly ash (15 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year. In the case of soil enzymes, the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year at 30 days after treatment (DAT) (4.49 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h, 5.37 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 3.51 mg of glucose released/g soil/d), at 60 DAT (4.81 μg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 5.47 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 2.97 mg of glucose released /g soil/d), at (70 days) harvest (2.54 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 3.09 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 2.17 mg of glucose released/g soil/d), respectively, which was on par with combined effect of fly ash @ 10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure @ 10 MT/ha/year and significantly higher over control. The acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were not influenced by fly ash doses at all stages viz., 30, 60 DAT and at harvest (70 days). However, it was significantly influenced by farm yard manure application.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fly ash at 10 MT/ha/year with farm yard manure at 15 MT/ha/year gave the maximum mulberry yield of 62.90 MT/ha/year.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e0
- Outcome
- mulberry yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 62.90 MT/ha/yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum mulberry yield (62.90 MT/ha/year), leaf moisture content (72.50%) and leaf moisture retention capacity (71.35%) were registered due to the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Fly ash at 10 MT/ha/year with farm yard manure at 15 MT/ha/year gave the maximum leaf moisture content of 72.50%.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e0
- Outcome
- leaf moisture contente0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 72.50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum mulberry yield (62.90 MT/ha/year), leaf moisture content (72.50%) and leaf moisture retention capacity (71.35%) were registered due to the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Fly ash at 10 MT/ha/year with farm yard manure at 15 MT/ha/year gave the maximum leaf moisture retention capacity of 71.35%.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e0
- Outcome
- leaf moisture retention capacitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 71.35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum mulberry yield (62.90 MT/ha/year), leaf moisture content (72.50%) and leaf moisture retention capacity (71.35%) were registered due to the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had the minimum larval duration of 25.25 days.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkworm
Bombyx morie2herbivore - Outcome
- larval duratione0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 25.25 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum larval duration (25.25 days)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had the maximum larval weight of 52.60 g.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkwormBombyx morie2herbivore
- Outcome
- 10 larval weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 52.60 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum 10 larval weight (52.60 g)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had an effective rate of rearing of 94.95%.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkwormBombyx morie2herbivore
- Outcome
- effective rate of rearinge0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 94.95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“effective rate of rearing (94.95%)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had a single cocoon weight of 2.150 g.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkwormBombyx morie2herbivore
- Outcome
- single cocoon weighte0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 2.150 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single cocoon weight (2.150 g)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had a single shell weight of 0.431 g.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkwormBombyx morie2herbivore
- Outcome
- single shell weighte0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.431 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single shell weight (0.431 g)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Silkworms reared on leaves from fly ash 10 plus farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year plots had a single shell ratio of 20.25%.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)e1
- Interactor
- silkwormBombyx morie2herbivore
- Outcome
- single shell ratioe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 20.25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single shell ratio (20.25%)”
e1“recorded with the application of fly ash (10 MT/ha/year) and farm yard manure (15 MT/ha/year)”
e2“With regard to silkworm rearing”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest urease activity, 4.49 mg NH4 released/g soil/h, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 30 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.49 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/he1
- Qualifier
- 30 days after treatment (DAT)e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 30 days after treatment (DAT) (4.49 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest dehydrogenase activity, 5.37 mg TPF produced/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 30 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.37 mg of TPF produced/g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 30 days after treatment (DAT)e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 30 days after treatment (DAT) (4.49 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h, 5.37 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest cellulase activity, 3.51 mg glucose released/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 30 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- cellulasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.51 mg of glucose released/g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 30 days after treatment (DAT)e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 30 days after treatment (DAT) (4.49 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h, 5.37 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 3.51 mg of glucose released/g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest urease activity, 4.81 ug NH4 released/g soil/h, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.81 μg of NH4 + released/g soil/he1
- Qualifier
- 60 DATe1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 60 DAT (4.81 μg of NH4 + released/g soil/h”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest dehydrogenase activity, 5.47 mg TPF produced/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.47 mg of TPF produced/g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 60 DATe1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 60 DAT (4.81 μg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 5.47 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest cellulase activity, 2.97 mg glucose released/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- cellulasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.97 mg of glucose released /g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 60 DATe1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at 60 DAT (4.81 μg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 5.47 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 2.97 mg of glucose released /g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest urease activity, 2.54 mg NH4 released/g soil/h, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at harvest (70 days).
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- ureasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.54 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/he1
- Qualifier
- 70 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at (70 days) harvest (2.54 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest dehydrogenase activity, 3.09 mg TPF produced/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at harvest (70 days).
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.09 mg of TPF produced/g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 70 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at (70 days) harvest (2.54 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 3.09 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest cellulase activity, 2.17 mg glucose released/g soil/d, with fly ash 15 and farm yard manure 15 MT/ha/year at harvest (70 days).
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/yeare0
- Outcome
- cellulasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.17 mg of glucose released/g soil/de1
- Qualifier
- 70 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the highest urease, dehydrogenase and cellulase activities were recorded due to application of fly ash @ 15 MT/ha/year and farm yard manure @ 15 MT/ha/year”
e1“at (70 days) harvest (2.54 mg of NH4 + released/g soil/h; 3.09 mg of TPF produced/g soil/d and 2.17 mg of glucose released/g soil/d”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were not influenced by fly ash doses at 30 DAT, 60 DAT and at harvest.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- fly ash dosese0
- Outcome
- acid and alkaline phosphatase activitiese0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were not influenced by fly ash doses at all stages viz., 30, 60 DAT and at harvest (70 days)”
t0“mulberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly influenced by farm yard manure application.
- Taxon
- mulberryt0
- Treatment
- farm yard manure applicatione1
- Outcome
- acid and alkaline phosphatase activitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The acid and alkaline phosphatase activities”
e1“it was significantly influenced by farm yard manure application”
t0“mulberry”
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