Abstract
Abstract Seed heteromorphism is a marked character of many Chenopodioideae ( Amaranthaceae ). Seed morphs differ in dormancy, germination and seedling biology, but differences in their predation have not yet been studied. Atriplex sagittata produces small black dormant and large brown non‐dormant seeds. In this study, the timing of seed release and seedling establishment were ascertained, and their consumption by invertebrates (carabids, isopods and slugs) was studied. Seeds dispersed in the autumn passed the winter on the ground surface, protected from invertebrate predation by low temperatures. In the following vegetative season, ungerminated black seeds exposed to predation on ground surface were preferred by a large carabid species, Pseudoophonus rufipes . Some black and all brown seeds escaped predation by germinating in early spring. The seedlings were little endangered by carabids and isopods but were preferred by an invasive slug, Arion vulgaris, the feeding of which can exterminate seedlings at places in which slugs are abundant. Invertebrate predation is important factor of seed and seedling mortality of A. sagittata and seed heteromorphism modifies its intensity and timing.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn-dispersed seeds passed winter on the ground protected by low temperatures.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittata
Atriplex sagittatat0 - Organ / stage
- Seedse0
- Outcome
- protected from invertebrate predatione0
- Qualifier
- low temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds dispersed in the autumn passed the winter on the ground surface, protected from invertebrate predation by low temperatures.”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudoophonus rufipes preferred ungerminated black seeds on the ground surface.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Organ / stage
- ungerminated black seedse0
- Interactor
- Pseudoophonus rufipes
.png?width=60)
Harpalus rufipese0herbivore - Outcome
- were preferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“ungerminated black seeds exposed to predation on ground surface were preferred by a large carabid species, Pseudoophonus rufipes”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Some black seeds escaped predation by early spring germination.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Organ / stage
- blacke0
- Outcome
- escaped predatione0
- Qualifier
- germinating in early springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some black and all brown seeds escaped predation by germinating in early spring.”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
All brown seeds escaped predation by early spring germination.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Organ / stage
- brown seedse0
- Outcome
- escaped predatione0
- Qualifier
- germinating in early springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some black and all brown seeds escaped predation by germinating in early spring.”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings were little endangered by carabids and isopods.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Interactor
- carabidse0herbivore
- Outcome
- little endangerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings were little endangered by carabids and isopods but were preferred by an invasive slug, Arion vulgaris”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”
Claim · model-written summary
Arion vulgaris preferred seedlings and could exterminate them where abundant.
- Taxon
- Atriplex sagittataAtriplex sagittatat0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Interactor
- Arion vulgaris
Arion vulgarise0herbivore - Outcome
- can exterminate seedlingse0
- Qualifier
- at places in which slugs are abundante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seedlings were little endangered by carabids and isopods but were preferred by an invasive slug, Arion vulgaris, the feeding of which can exterminate seedlings at places in which slugs are abundant.”
t0“Atriplex sagittata”