Abstract
Core Ideas Corn and soybean yield seldom responded to P and K fertilization over 9 yr. Soil test P and soil test K significantly decreased from values initially in the recommended maintenance range. Corn Leaf P and Leaf K was often below the sufficiency concentration. Appropriate P and K fertilizer recommendations for corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean [( Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Ohio are essential, as water quality and nutrient management issues in the region have intensified over the last several years. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate corn and soybean grain yield response to P and K fertilization, (ii) examine soil test phosphorus (STP) and potassium (STK) and corn Leaf P and Leaf K trends, and (iii) compare the ability of soil and leaf tissue testing to reflect corn and soybean response to fertilization. We evaluated three P and K fertilizer rates, no fertilizer (0×), an estimated nutrient removal rate (1×), and twice the estimated nutrient removal rate (2×), in corn–soybean rotations at three sites over 9 yr. Grain yield was generally non‐responsive to P and K fertilization, with only 9 of 42 site‐years yielding significantly positive responses. Soil test P and K started in the maintenance range, but significantly declined with the 1× rate at two of three sites for P and at all sites for K. Furthermore, the 2× rate of P and K failed to build STP and STK at any site, with significant declines at one site. The results revealed an inability to maintain initial STP and STK levels with the 1× rate and call into question the suitability of current fertilizer P and K recommendations aimed at maintaining STP and STK. These recommendations require updating to better reflect fertilizer needs of modern corn and soybean.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield seldom responded to P and K fertilization.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- P and K fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- non‐responsivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was generally non‐responsive to P and K fertilization, with only 9 of 42 site‐years yielding significantly positive responses.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine of 42 site years had a positive yield response.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 9 of 42 site‐yearse0
- Outcome
- positive responsese0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Value
- 9 of 42 site‐yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only 9 of 42 site‐years yielding significantly positive responses.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1× rate significantly reduced soil test P at two of three sites.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 1× ratee0
- Outcome
- Soil test Pe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- two of three sitese0
- Comparator
- maintenance rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil test P and K started in the maintenance range, but significantly declined with the 1× rate at two of three sites for P and at all sites for K.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1× rate significantly reduced soil test K at all sites.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 1× ratee0
- Outcome
- Soil test P and Ke0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- all sites for Ke0
- Comparator
- maintenance rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil test P and K started in the maintenance range, but significantly declined with the 1× rate at two of three sites for P and at all sites for K.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2× rate failed to build soil test P and K at any site.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2× rate of P and Ke0
- Outcome
- STP and STKe0
- Direction
- failed to builde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2× rate of P and K failed to build STP and STK at any site, with significant declines at one site.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2× rate significantly reduced soil test P and K at one site.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- 2× rate of P and Ke0
- Outcome
- STP and STKe0
- Direction
- declinese0
- Qualifier
- one sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 2× rate of P and K failed to build STP and STK at any site, with significant declines at one site.”
t0“Over‐Fertilization Does Not Build Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium in Ohio”
e1“modern corn and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend updating fertilizer guidance.
- Taxon
- corn and soybean
Glycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse0 - Outcome
- recommendations require updatinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These recommendations require updating to better reflect fertilizer needs of modern corn and soybean.”
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