Abstract
Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi, algae and cyanobacteria are some of the most important soil microorganisms and major components of a sustainable soil-plant system. This study presents for the first time evidence of the impact of green alga and cyanobacterium solely and in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant-antioxidant capacity. In order to provide a better understanding of the impact of AMF and soil microalgae on Ocimum basilicum L. performance, changes in the pattern and activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), esterases and non-enzymatic antioxidants including phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, and α-tocopherols were evaluated. The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants and the degree of stimulation varied depending on the treatment. Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively. The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae. 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay proved the increased plant antioxidant capacity after co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizae.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced basil antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- O. basilicum
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- inoculation of O. basilicum with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Algal inoculation enhanced basil antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- O. basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- algaee0
- Interactor
- algaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The degree of antioxidant stimulation varied by inoculation treatment.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Outcome
- degree of stimulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the degree of stimulation varied depending on the treatment.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis raised leaf superoxide dismutase activity 1.5-fold.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- symbiosis with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- risese0
- Value
- 1.5-e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis raised leaf glutathione-S-transferase activity twofold.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- symbiosis with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- glutathione-S-transferase (GST)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione-S-transferase (GST)e0
- Direction
- risese0
- Value
- 2-e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis raised leaf glutathione reductase activity more than tenfold.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- symbiosis with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase (GR)e0
- Direction
- risese0
- Value
- more than 10-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungal and green algal inoculation gave the greatest total esterase activity increase.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algaee0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal fungie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- green algaeChlorophytae0symbiont
- Outcome
- total esterase activitye0
- Direction
- greatest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fungal and green algal inoculation gave the greatest increase in phenol, flavonoid and ascorbate concentration.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algaee0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal fungie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- green algaeChlorophytae0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbatee0
- Direction
- greatest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH and FRAP assays showed increased basil antioxidant capacity after green algae and mycorrhizae co-colonization.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizaee0
- Interactor
- green algaeChlorophytae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay proved the increased plant antioxidant capacity after co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizae.”
e1“Ocimum basilicum L.”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · quality: phytochemicals · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
inoculation · quality: phytochemicals · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →mycorrhiza · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.