Abstract
Botrytis fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important strawberry diseases worldwide, and fungicide applications are often used to manage the disease in commercial production. Isolates of B. cinerea were collected from conventional and organic strawberry fields in four Brazilian States from 2013 to 2015 and their sensitivity to the main single-site mode-of action fungicides used in Brazil was tested. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione, pyrimethanil, and thiophanate-methyl was found and values for effective concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% were higher than 71.9, 1.2, 5.0, and 688 µg/ml, respectively, regardless the production system. Resistance to these fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6, 23.4, and 92.2% of isolates from conventional fields and 31.4, 22.9, 14.3, and 51.4% of isolates from organic fields, respectively. Moreover, frequencies of isolates with multiple fungicide resistance to the four active ingredients were 20.6 and 2.8% whereas 6.3 and 27.8% were sensitive to the four fungicides for conventional and organic areas, respectively. Molecular analyses of the cytochrome b, β-tubulin, and bos1 genes revealed the presence of G143A; E198A; and I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373S mutations, respectively, in resistant isolates of B. cinerea. Field rates of fungicides sprayed preventively to inoculated strawberry fruit failed to control disease caused by the respective resistant isolates.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields were resistant to azoxystrobin, with a 50% growth inhibition concentration above 71.9 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 71.9e0
- Qualifier
- regardless the production systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of B. cinerea were collected from conventional and organic strawberry fields in four Brazilian States from 2013 to 2015 and their sensitivity to the main single-site mode-of action fungicides used in Brazil was tested. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione, pyrimethanil, and thiophanate-methyl was found and values for effective concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% were higher than 71.9, 1.2, 5.0, and 688 µg/ml, respectively, regardless the production system.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields were resistant to iprodione, with a 50% growth inhibition concentration above 1.2 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- iprodionee0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 1.2e0
- Qualifier
- regardless the production systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of B. cinerea were collected from conventional and organic strawberry fields in four Brazilian States from 2013 to 2015 and their sensitivity to the main single-site mode-of action fungicides used in Brazil was tested. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione, pyrimethanil, and thiophanate-methyl was found and values for effective concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% were higher than 71.9, 1.2, 5.0, and 688 µg/ml, respectively, regardless the production system.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields were resistant to pyrimethanil, with a 50% growth inhibition concentration above 5.0 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- pyrimethanile0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 5.0e0
- Qualifier
- regardless the production systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of B. cinerea were collected from conventional and organic strawberry fields in four Brazilian States from 2013 to 2015 and their sensitivity to the main single-site mode-of action fungicides used in Brazil was tested. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione, pyrimethanil, and thiophanate-methyl was found and values for effective concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% were higher than 71.9, 1.2, 5.0, and 688 µg/ml, respectively, regardless the production system.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, with a 50% growth inhibition concentration above 688 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- thiophanate-methyle0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 688 µg/mle0
- Qualifier
- regardless the production systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of B. cinerea were collected from conventional and organic strawberry fields in four Brazilian States from 2013 to 2015 and their sensitivity to the main single-site mode-of action fungicides used in Brazil was tested. Resistance to azoxystrobin, iprodione, pyrimethanil, and thiophanate-methyl was found and values for effective concentration that inhibited mycelial growth by 50% were higher than 71.9, 1.2, 5.0, and 688 µg/ml, respectively, regardless the production system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance to azoxystrobin was more frequent among B. cinerea isolates from conventional strawberry fields (87.5%) than organic fields (31.4%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Resistance to these fungicidese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 87.5e0
- Qualifier
- 31.4e0
- Comparator
- organic fieldse0
- Setting
- conventional fieldse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance to these fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6, 23.4, and 92.2% of isolates from conventional fields and 31.4, 22.9, 14.3, and 51.4% of isolates from organic fields, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance to iprodione was more frequent among B. cinerea isolates from conventional strawberry fields (76.6%) than organic fields (22.9%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Resistance to these fungicidese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 76.6e0
- Qualifier
- 22.9e0
- Comparator
- organic fieldse0
- Setting
- conventional fieldse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance to these fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6, 23.4, and 92.2% of isolates from conventional fields and 31.4, 22.9, 14.3, and 51.4% of isolates from organic fields, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance to pyrimethanil was more frequent among B. cinerea isolates from conventional strawberry fields (23.4%) than organic fields (14.3%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Resistance to these fungicidese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 23.4e0
- Qualifier
- 14.3e0
- Comparator
- organic fieldse0
- Setting
- conventional fieldse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance to these fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6, 23.4, and 92.2% of isolates from conventional fields and 31.4, 22.9, 14.3, and 51.4% of isolates from organic fields, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance to thiophanate-methyl was more frequent among B. cinerea isolates from conventional strawberry fields (92.2%) than organic fields (51.4%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- Resistance to these fungicidese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 92.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 51.4%e0
- Comparator
- organic fieldse0
- Setting
- conventional fieldse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance to these fungicides was observed in 87.5, 76.6, 23.4, and 92.2% of isolates from conventional fields and 31.4, 22.9, 14.3, and 51.4% of isolates from organic fields, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple resistance to all four fungicides occurred in 20.6% of conventional and 2.8% of organic field isolates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- multiple fungicide resistance to the four active ingredientse0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 20.6e0
- Qualifier
- 2.8%e0
- Setting
- conventional and organic arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, frequencies of isolates with multiple fungicide resistance to the four active ingredients were 20.6 and 2.8% whereas 6.3 and 27.8% were sensitive to the four fungicides for conventional and organic areas, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Sensitivity to all four fungicides occurred in 6.3% of conventional and 27.8% of organic field isolates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- sensitive to the four fungicidese0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 6.3e0
- Qualifier
- 27.8%e0
- Setting
- conventional and organic arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, frequencies of isolates with multiple fungicide resistance to the four active ingredients were 20.6 and 2.8% whereas 6.3 and 27.8% were sensitive to the four fungicides for conventional and organic areas, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
G143A mutations were identified in cytochrome b in resistant B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- cytochrome be0
- Outcome
- G143Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Molecular analyses of the cytochrome b, β-tubulin, and bos1 genes revealed the presence of G143A; E198A; and I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373S mutations, respectively, in resistant isolates of B. cinerea.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
E198A mutations were identified in β-tubulin in resistant B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- β-tubuline0
- Outcome
- E198Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Molecular analyses of the cytochrome b, β-tubulin, and bos1 genes revealed the presence of G143A; E198A; and I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373S mutations, respectively, in resistant isolates of B. cinerea.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373S mutations were identified in bos1 in resistant B. cinerea isolates from strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- bos1e0
- Outcome
- I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373Se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Molecular analyses of the cytochrome b, β-tubulin, and bos1 genes revealed the presence of G143A; E198A; and I365 N/S, Q369P, or N373S mutations, respectively, in resistant isolates of B. cinerea.”
t0“Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive fungicide spraying at field rates failed to control disease caused by resistant isolates on inoculated strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- fungicides sprayed preventivelye0
- Outcome
- disease caused by the respective resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- failed to controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field rates of fungicides sprayed preventively to inoculated strawberry fruit failed to control disease caused by the respective resistant isolates.”
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