Abstract
Effects of 16 herbicides representing 14 herbicide classes on growth and extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) were examined in light- and dark-grown soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. High purity (96 to 100%) herbicides were supplied via aqueous culture at various concentrations: 0.5 mM amitrole (3-amino- s -triazole), 0.1 mM atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine], 0.07 mM diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoicacid}, 0.5 mM DSMA (disodium methanearsonate), 0.2 mM fenuron (1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea), 0.05 mM fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1 H )-pyridinone}, 0.5 mM MH (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione), 0.5 mM metribuzin [4-amino-6- tert -butyl-3-(methylthio)- as -triazin-5(4 H )-one], 1.8 μM nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro- N,N -dipropylaniline], 0.5 mM norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro- m -tolyl)-3(2 H )-pyridazinone], 0.05 mM paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), 0.15 mM perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro- N -[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, 0.2 mM propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide), 0.1 mM propham (isopropyl carbanilate), 0.5 mM TCA (trichloroacetic acid), and 0.05 mM 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Dark-grown soybean seedlings (3-day-old) were transferred to control solutions (2 mM CaSO 4 ) or to herbicide solutions (in 2 mM CaSO 4 ) and grown at 25 C in continuous white light (200 μE•m -2 •s -1 ) or continuous darkness until harvested 24 or 48 h after transfer. After 48 h, growth (fresh weight, dry weight, elongation) was inhibited by most of the chemicals. Other signs of toxicity (necrosis, secondary root stunting, and root tip swelling) were noted for some treatments. Roots were most affected, although hypocotyls were generally not changed. Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light. Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D. Amitrole and paraquat were the only herbicides that increased extractable PAL activity. Other compounds tested had no effect on the enzyme. None of the herbicides significantly affected in vitro PAL activity.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Most herbicides inhibited fresh weight, dry weight and elongation after 48 hours.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- most of the chemicalse0
- Outcome
- growth (fresh weight, dry weight, elongation)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- After 48 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 48 h, growth (fresh weight, dry weight, elongation) was inhibited by most of the chemicals.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Some treatments caused necrosis, secondary root stunting and root tip swelling.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- some treatmentse0
- Outcome
- necrosis, secondary root stunting, and root tip swellinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other signs of toxicity (necrosis, secondary root stunting, and root tip swelling) were noted for some treatments.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots were the most affected organs.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Rootse0
- Outcome
- Roots were most affectede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Roots were most affected, although hypocotyls were generally not changed.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypocotyls generally did not change.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- hypocotylse0
- Direction
- not changede0
- Qualifier
- generallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypocotyls were generally not changed”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine stimulated hypocotyl elongation after 48 hours of light.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- atrazinee0
- Outcome
- Hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- after 48 h lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone stimulated hypocotyl elongation after 48 hours of light.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fluridonee0
- Outcome
- Hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- after 48 h lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Norflurazon stimulated hypocotyl elongation after 48 hours of light.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- norflurazone0
- Outcome
- Hypocotyl elongatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Qualifier
- after 48 h lighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypocotyl elongation was stimulated by atrazine, fluridone, and norflurazon after 48 h light.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- atrazinee0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenuron decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- fenurone0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- metribuzine0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Norflurazon decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- norflurazone0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Propanil decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- propanile0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Propham decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- prophame0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D decreased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- axese0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- Extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractable PAL activity from soybean axes was decreased by atrazine, fenuron, metribuzin, norflurazon, propanil, propham, and 2,4-D.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amitrole increased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Amitrolee0
- Outcome
- extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amitrole and paraquat were the only herbicides that increased extractable PAL activity.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat increased extractable PAL activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- paraquate0
- Outcome
- extractable PAL activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amitrole and paraquat were the only herbicides that increased extractable PAL activity.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Other tested compounds had no effect on PAL.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Other compounds testede0
- Outcome
- extractable PAL activitye1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other compounds tested had no effect on the enzyme.”
e1“extractable PAL activity”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the herbicides significantly affected in vitro PAL activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- in vitro PAL activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the herbicides significantly affected in vitro PAL activity.”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
atrazine · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.