Abstract
Intercropping has been widely used to control disease and improve yield in agriculture. In this study, maize and peanut were used for non-separation intercropping (NS), semi-separation intercropping (SS) using a nylon net, and complete separation intercropping (CS) using a plastic sheet. In field experiments, two-year land equivalent ratios (LERs) showed yield advantages due to belowground interactions when using NS and SS patterns as compared to monoculture. In contrast, intercropping without belowground interactions (CS) showed a yield disadvantage. Meanwhile, in pot experiments, belowground interactions (found in NS and SS) improved levels of soil-available nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) and enzymes (urease and acid phosphomonoesterase) as compared to intercropping without belowground interactions (CS). Soil bacterial community assay showed that soil bacterial communities in the NS and SS crops clustered together and were considerably different from the CS crops. The diversity of bacterial communities was significantly improved in soils with NS and SS. The abundance of beneficial bacteria, which have the functions of P-solubilization, pathogen suppression, and N-cycling, was improved in maize and peanut soils due to belowground interactions through intercropping. Among these bacteria, numbers of Bacillus, Brevibacillus brevis, and Paenibacillus were mainly increased in the maize rhizosphere. Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium were mainly increased in the peanut rhizosphere. In conclusion, using maize and peanut intercropping, belowground interactions increased the numbers of beneficial bacteria in the soil and improved the diversity of the bacterial community, which was conducive to improving soil nutrient (N and P) supply capacity and soil microecosystem stability.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
NS and SS intercropping had yield advantages over monoculture.
- Taxon
- maize and peanut
Arachis hypogaea
Zea mayse1 - Treatment
- NS and SS patternse0
- Outcome
- yield advantagese0
- Direction
- advantagese0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two-year land equivalent ratios (LERs) showed yield advantages due to belowground interactions when using NS and SS patterns as compared to monoculture.”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
CS intercropping had a yield disadvantage.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- intercropping without belowground interactions (CS)e0
- Outcome
- yield disadvantagee0
- Direction
- disadvantagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping without belowground interactions (CS) showed a yield disadvantage.”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
NS and SS increased soil available nitrogen and phosphorus compared with CS.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- NS and SSe0
- Outcome
- soil-available nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P))e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“belowground interactions (found in NS and SS) improved levels of soil-available nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) and enzymes (urease and acid phosphomonoesterase) as compared to intercropping without belowground interactions (CS).”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
NS and SS increased soil urease and acid phosphomonoesterase compared with CS.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- NS and SSe0
- Outcome
- enzymes (urease and acid phosphomonoesterase)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“belowground interactions (found in NS and SS) improved levels of soil-available nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)) and enzymes (urease and acid phosphomonoesterase) as compared to intercropping without belowground interactions (CS).”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
NS and SS soil bacterial communities clustered together and differed from CS.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse1
- Outcome
- soil bacterial communitiese0
- Comparator
- CS cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil bacterial communities in the NS and SS crops clustered together and were considerably different from the CS crops.”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
NS and SS significantly improved soil bacterial diversity.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse1
- Treatment
- NS and SSe0
- Outcome
- diversity of bacterial communitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diversity of bacterial communities was significantly improved in soils with NS and SS.”
t0“Maize/Peanut”
e1“maize and peanut soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Belowground interactions increased beneficial bacteria in maize and peanut soils.
- Taxon
- maize and peanutArachis hypogaeaZea mayse0
- Treatment
- belowground interactions through intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- abundance of beneficial bacteriae0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of beneficial bacteria, which have the functions of P-solubilization, pathogen suppression, and N-cycling, was improved in maize and peanut soils due to belowground interactions through intercropping.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus increased in the maize rhizosphere.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“numbers of Bacillus, Brevibacillus brevis, and Paenibacillus were mainly increased in the maize rhizosphere.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brevibacillus brevis increased in the maize rhizosphere.
- Interactor
- Brevibacillus brevisBrevibacillus brevise0symbiont
- Outcome
- numbers of Bacillus, Brevibacillus brevise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“numbers of Bacillus, Brevibacillus brevis, and Paenibacillus were mainly increased in the maize rhizosphere.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paenibacillus increased in the maize rhizosphere.
- Interactor
- Paenibacillus
Paenibacilluse0symbiont - Outcome
- Paenibacilluse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“numbers of Bacillus, Brevibacillus brevis, and Paenibacillus were mainly increased in the maize rhizosphere.”
Claim · model-written summary
Burkholderia increased in the peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- Burkholderia
Burkholderiae0symbiont - Outcome
- Burkholderiae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium were mainly increased in the peanut rhizosphere.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas increased in the peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0symbiont - Outcome
- Pseudomonase0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium were mainly increased in the peanut rhizosphere.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium increased in the peanut rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Outcome
- Rhizobiume0
- Direction
- increasede0
RhizobiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium were mainly increased in the peanut rhizosphere.”
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See all 6 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.