Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intercropping (IC) has been widely adopted by farmers for enhancing crop productivity and economic returns; however, the underpinning mechanisms from the perspective of below-ground interspecific interactions are only partly understood especially when intercropping practices under saline soil conditions. By using permeable (100 μm) and impermeable (solid) root barriers in a multi-site field experiment, we aimed to study the impact of root-root interactions on nutrient accumulation, soil microbial communities, crop yield, and economic returns in a peanut/cotton IC system under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China. RESULTS: The results indicate that IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions, and consequently enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC). The higher accumulations of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were also observed in IC not only in the soil but also in vegetative tissues and reproductive organs of peanut. Bacterial community structure analysis under normal growth conditions reveals that IC dramatically altered the soil bacterial abundance composition in both peanut and cotton strips of the top soil whereas the bacterial diversity was barely affected compared with MP and MC. At blossom-needling stage, the metabolic functional features of the bacterial communities such as fatty acid biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of ansamycins were significantly enriched in MP compared with other treatments. Conversely, these metabolic functional features were dramatically depleted in MP while significantly enriched in IC at podding stage. Permeable root barrier treatments (NC-P and NC-C) counteracted the benefits of IC and the side effects were more pronounced in impermeable treatments (SC-P and SC-C). CONCLUSION: Peanut/cotton intercropping increases crop yield as well as economic returns under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions probably by modulating the soil bacterial abundance composition and accelerating plant nutrients accumulation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased peanut pod yield by 14.00% on non-saline soil.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- peanut pods yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14.00e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP)e1
- Setting
- non-salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased peanut pod yield by 10.01% on secondary-saline soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- peanut pods yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.01e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP)e1
- Setting
- secondary-salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased peanut pod yield by 16.52% on coastal saline soil.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- peanut pods yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.52e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP)e1
- Setting
- coastal salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased seed cotton yield by 61.99% on non-saline soil.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 61.99e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)e1
- Setting
- non-salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased seed cotton yield by 66.00% on secondary-saline soil.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66.00e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)e1
- Setting
- secondary-salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased seed cotton yield by 58.51% on coastal saline soil.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58.51e0
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)e1
- Setting
- coastal salinee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
e2“under non-saline, secondary-saline, and coastal saline soil conditions of China”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping enhanced economic returns relative to monoculture of peanut and cotton.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- ICe0
- Outcome
- economic returnse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e1“enhanced the economic returns by compared with monoculture of peanut (MP) and cotton (MC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping raised nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in soil and in peanut tissues.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae3
- Organ / stage
- vegetative tissues and reproductive organse3
- Treatment
- ICe3
- Compound
- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)e3
- Outcome
- accumulations of nutrientse3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The higher accumulations of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were also observed in IC not only in the soil but also in vegetative tissues and reproductive organs of peanut”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping dramatically altered the soil bacterial abundance composition in peanut and cotton strips.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae4
- Treatment
- ICe4
- Outcome
- soil bacterial abundance compositione4
- Direction
- dramatically alterede4
- Comparator
- MP and MCe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Bacterial community structure analysis under normal growth conditions reveals that IC dramatically altered the soil bacterial abundance composition in both peanut and cotton strips of the top soil whereas the bacterial diversity was barely affected compared with MP and MC”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping barely affected soil bacterial diversity compared with monoculture.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae4
- Treatment
- ICe4
- Outcome
- bacterial diversitye4
- Direction
- barely affectede4
- Comparator
- MP and MCe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Bacterial community structure analysis under normal growth conditions reveals that IC dramatically altered the soil bacterial abundance composition in both peanut and cotton strips of the top soil whereas the bacterial diversity was barely affected compared with MP and MC”
Claim · model-written summary
At blossom-needling stage, bacterial metabolic functional features were significantly enriched in peanut monoculture compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- blossom-needling stagee5
- Treatment
- MPe5
- Outcome
- metabolic functional features of the bacterial communitiese5
- Direction
- significantly enrichede5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e5“At blossom-needling stage, the metabolic functional features of the bacterial communities such as fatty acid biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of ansamycins were significantly enriched in MP compared with other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
At podding stage, bacterial metabolic functional features were dramatically depleted in peanut monoculture.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- podding stagee6
- Treatment
- MPe6
- Outcome
- metabolic functional featurese6
- Direction
- dramatically depletede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e6“Conversely, these metabolic functional features were dramatically depleted in MP while significantly enriched in IC at podding stage”
Claim · model-written summary
At podding stage, bacterial metabolic functional features were significantly enriched under intercropping.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Organ / stage
- podding stagee6
- Treatment
- ICe6
- Outcome
- metabolic functional featurese6
- Direction
- significantly enrichede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e6“Conversely, these metabolic functional features were dramatically depleted in MP while significantly enriched in IC at podding stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Permeable root barriers counteracted the benefits of intercropping.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Permeable root barrier treatments (NC-P and NC-C)e7
- Outcome
- benefits of ICe7
- Direction
- counteractede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e7“Permeable root barrier treatments (NC-P and NC-C) counteracted the benefits of IC and the side effects were more pronounced in impermeable treatments (SC-P and SC-C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Impermeable root barriers made the side effects of intercropping more pronounced.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- impermeable treatments (SC-P and SC-C)e7
- Outcome
- side effectse7
- Direction
- more pronouncede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IC decreased the peanut pods yield by 14.00, 10.01, and 16.52% while increased the seed cotton yield by 61.99, 66.00, and 58.51%, respectively in three experimental positions”
e7“Permeable root barrier treatments (NC-P and NC-C) counteracted the benefits of IC and the side effects were more pronounced in impermeable treatments (SC-P and SC-C)”
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