Abstract
Biochar addition to soil not only sequesters carbon for the long-term but enhances agricultural productivity. Several well-known benefits arise from biochar amendment, including constant provision of nutrients, increased soil moisture retention, decreased soil bulk density, and sometimes the induction of systemic resistance against foliar and soil borne plant pathogens. However, no research has investigated the potential of biochar to increase resistance against herbivory. The white-backed plant hopper (WBPH) (Sogatella furcifera Horváth) is a serious agricultural pest that targets rice (Oryza sativa L.), a staple crop that feeds half of the world's human population. Therefore, we investigated the (1) optimization of biochar amendment levels for two rice varieties ('Cheongcheong' and 'Nagdong') and (2) subsequent effects of different biochar amendments on resistance and susceptibility of these two varieties to WBPH infestation. Initial screening results for the optimization level revealed that the application of biochar 10% (w/w) to the rooting media significantly improved plant physiological characteristics of both rice varieties. However, levels of biochar amendment, mainly 1, 2, 3, and 20%, resulted in negative effects on plant growth characteristics. Cheongcheong and Nagdong rice plants grown with the optimum biochar level showed contrasting reactions to WBPH infestation. Specifically, biochar application significantly increased plant growth characteristics of Nagdong when exposed to WBPH infestation and significantly decreased these characteristics in Cheongcheong. The amount of WBPH-induced damage to plants was significantly lower and higher in Nagdong and Cheongcheong, respectively, compared to that in the controls. Higher levels of jasmonic acid caused by the biochar priming effect could have accumulated in response to WBPH infestation, resulting in a maladaptive response to stress, negatively affecting growth and resistance to WBPH in Cheongcheong. This study highlights the importance of investigating the effects of biochar on different rice varieties before application on a commercial scale to avoid potential crop losses.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Ten percent biochar significantly improved physiological characteristics in both rice varieties.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- biochar 10% (w/w)e0
- Outcome
- plant physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“the application of biochar 10% (w/w) to the rooting media significantly improved plant physiological characteristics of both rice varieties.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 1, 2, 3 and 20% negatively affected rice growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochar amendment, mainly 1, 2, 3, and 20%e0
- Outcome
- plant growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“levels of biochar amendment, mainly 1, 2, 3, and 20%, resulted in negative effects on plant growth characteristics.”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal biochar increased Nagdong growth under planthopper infestation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nagdonge0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- plant growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“biochar application significantly increased plant growth characteristics of Nagdong when exposed to WBPH infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal biochar decreased Cheongcheong growth under planthopper infestation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Cheongcheonge0
- Outcome
- these characteristicse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“significantly decreased these characteristics in Cheongcheong.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planthopper damage was lower in biochar treated Nagdong than controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nagdonge0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- WBPH-induced damage to plantse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The amount of WBPH-induced damage to plants was significantly lower and higher in Nagdong and Cheongcheong, respectively, compared to that in the controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planthopper damage was higher in biochar treated Cheongcheong than controls.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Cheongcheonge0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- WBPH-induced damage to plantse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“The amount of WBPH-induced damage to plants was significantly lower and higher in Nagdong and Cheongcheong, respectively, compared to that in the controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose that biochar priming raised jasmonic acid and caused a maladaptive response in Cheongcheong.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Cheongcheonge0
- Treatment
- biochar priminge0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Compound
- jasmonic acide0
- Outcome
- growth and resistance to WBPHe0
- Direction
- negatively affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Higher levels of jasmonic acid caused by the biochar priming effect could have accumulated in response to WBPH infestation, resulting in a maladaptive response to stress, negatively affecting growth and resistance to WBPH in Cheongcheong.”
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