Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of boron (B) application on yield and B uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in B-deficient calcareous soil of south-west Punjab. The treatments comprise six levels of soil-applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg B kg−1soil) and two levels of foliar-applied B (0.1% and 0.2% borax and granubor solution) along with the common control (no B application). The experiment was laid out in RBD factorial design with three replications. The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron. Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution. Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron. The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron. The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron. For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control. The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application. Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81). The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits. Regardless of B sources, B application had a significant effect on yield, yield attributes, and B uptake up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level for soil-applied B and 0.1% borax or granubor solution for foliar-applied B.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
seed cotton yield increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
plant height increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
number of sympodial and monopodial branches increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- number of sympodial and monopodial branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
boll weight increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- boll weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
number of boll per plant increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- number of boll per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
root biomass increased with soil boron to 1.0 mg B kg−1 over control, with no significant further gain.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 levele0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The seed cotton yield and its attributing characters (plant height, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, boll weight, and number of boll per plant) and root biomass increased significantly with increasing levels of boron up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 level over the control and then remained nonsignificant with further higher levels of soil-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
B content increased through 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil boron, then showed no further significant increase.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil-applied B levele0
- Outcome
- B contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
uptake by seed cotton and roots increased through 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil boron, then showed no further significant increase.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil-applied B levele0
- Outcome
- uptake by seed cotton and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton and roots increased significantly up to 1.0 mg B kg−1 soil-applied B level and then recorded nonsignificant with further higher levels of boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar 0.1% borax performed better than 0.2% borax.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 0.1% borax solutione0
- Outcome
- bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- 0.2% borax solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Among foliar-applied boron levels, 0.1% borax solution was better than 0.2% borax solution.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil and foliar boron applications performed comparably.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Soil-applied borone0
- Outcome
- at pare0
- Comparator
- foliar-applied borone0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Soil-applied boron was at par with foliar-applied boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
Borax and granubor were equally efficient.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- boraxe0
- Outcome
- efficiencye0
- Direction
- equale0
- Comparator
- granubore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The efficiency of borax and granubor was found to be equal in both sources of boron.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron increased seed cotton B content and uptake over control.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar method of B applicatione0
- Outcome
- B content and its uptake by seed cottone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“For the foliar method of B application, the mean B content and its uptake by seed cotton increased significantly over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applied boron increased available soil B at all sampled stages.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- all soil-applied B levelse0
- Outcome
- available B content in soilse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar boron did not significantly change available soil B.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar method of B applicatione0
- Outcome
- available B content in soilse0
- Direction
- remained nonsignificante0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil B was positively correlated with root biomass.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.91e0
- Comparator
- available B content in soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81).”
e1“The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil B was positively correlated with boron uptake by root.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- boron uptake by roote0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.98e0
- Comparator
- available B content in soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81).”
e1“The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil B was positively correlated with sympodial branch per plant.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- sympodial branch per plante0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.81e0
- Comparator
- available B content in soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“Further, it was positively correlated with root biomass (r = 0.91), boron uptake by root (r = 0.98), and sympodial branch per plant (r = 0.81).”
e1“The mean available B content in soils (0–15 cm) at 45, 75, 105, and 145 days after sowing increased significantly over the control for all soil-applied B levels, while it remained nonsignificant over the control for all growth stages of cotton in foliar method of B application.”
Claim · model-written summary
B application level and source had no significant interaction for studied traits.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- B application levels and sourcese0
- Outcome
- all studied traitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton”
e0“The interaction of B application levels and sources was not significant for all studied traits.”
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