Abstract
To alleviate human zinc (Zn) deficiency, it is worthy to develop rational agronomic managements to achieve high yielding and high resource-use efficiency wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains biofortified with Zn. Effects of application of three rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (75, 200 and 275 kg·ha–1) to soil in combination with three foliar applications (deionized water, Zn alone, and a combination of Zn and sucrose) on grain yield, yield components, grain Zn concentration, protein, phytic acid (PA), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and carbon (C), as well as on Zn bioavailability, were investigated in four wheat cultivars (‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’) under field conditions. Enhanced N increased Zn and protein concentrations as well as bioavailability; excessive N input did not result in further improvements. Zinc spraying was more effective than soil fertilizer N application, the spray of Zn (with or without sucrose) increased grain Zn concentrations by 11.1–15.6 mg·kg–1 (27.1%–38.1%), and increased grain Zn bioavailability, estimated using total daily absorbed Zn (TAZ) and molar ratios of PA/Zn) and PA Ca/Zn, by 0.4–0.6 mg d–1 (28.6–42.9%), 23.1%–27.4% and 24.0%–28.0%, respectively. Remarkably, increases caused by ‘Zn + sucrose’ were higher than spraying Zn alone. Grain Zn bioavailability was more sensitive to the selection of cultivar than Zn concentrations. Among cultivars, the higher the grain yields and concentrations of antinutritional compounds, the lower the grain Zn nutritional quality would be. 200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar spraying of ‘Zn + sucrose’ maximized grain Zn concentrations of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ to be 59.4, 56.9, 55.8 and 60.9 mg kg–1, respectively, achieving the target value for biofortification. Additionally, PA/Zn and PA Ca/Zn of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ were less than 15 and 200, and TAZ was maximized to be 2.2, 2.0 and 2.1 mg d–1, respectively, indicating higher bioavailability. Therefore, optimal soil N and foliar Zn management together with suitable cultivars maintained high grain yield with lower N input and could substantially increase grain Zn nutritional quality simultaneously.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced N increased grain Zn and protein concentrations as well as Zn bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Enhanced Ne1
- Outcome
- Zn and protein concentrations as well as bioavailabilitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Enhanced N increased Zn and protein concentrations as well as bioavailability”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive N input did not result in further improvements.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- excessive N inpute1
- Outcome
- further improvementse1
- Direction
- did not result ine1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“excessive N input did not result in further improvements”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc spraying was more effective than soil fertilizer N application.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zinc sprayinge1
- Outcome
- Zinc spraying was more effective than soil fertilizer N applicatione1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- soil fertilizer N applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Zinc spraying was more effective than soil fertilizer N application”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying Zn (with or without sucrose) increased grain Zn concentrations by 11.1–15.6 mg·kg–1 relative to deionized water.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the spray of Zn (with or without sucrose)e1
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 11.1–15.6 mg·kg–1e1
- Comparator
- deionized watere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“the spray of Zn (with or without sucrose) increased grain Zn concentrations by 11.1–15.6 mg·kg–1 (27.1%–38.1%)”
e2“foliar applications (deionized water, Zn alone, and a combination of Zn and sucrose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus sucrose spraying increased grain Zn more than Zn spraying alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn + sucrosee1
- Outcome
- increasese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- spraying Zn alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Remarkably, increases caused by ‘Zn + sucrose’ were higher than spraying Zn alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn bioavailability was more sensitive to cultivar selection than to Zn concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- selection of cultivare1
- Outcome
- Grain Zn bioavailabilitye1
- Direction
- more sensitivee1
- Comparator
- Zn concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Grain Zn bioavailability was more sensitive to the selection of cultivar than Zn concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Among cultivars, higher grain yield and antinutritional compound concentrations were associated with lower grain Zn nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- antinutritional compoundse1
- Outcome
- grain Zn nutritional qualitye1
- Direction
- lowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Among cultivars, the higher the grain yields and concentrations of antinutritional compounds, the lower the grain Zn nutritional quality would be”
Claim · model-written summary
200 kg N ha–1 with foliar Zn + sucrose maximized grain Zn concentration of Jinan 17 at 59.4 mg kg–1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jinan 17e1
- Treatment
- 200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar sprayinge1
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- 59.4e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar spraying of ‘Zn + sucrose’ maximized grain Zn concentrations of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ to be 59.4, 56.9, 55.8 and 60.9 mg kg–1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
200 kg N ha–1 with foliar Zn + sucrose maximized grain Zn concentration of Jimai 20 at 56.9 mg kg–1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jimai 20e1
- Treatment
- 200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar sprayinge1
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- 56.9e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar spraying of ‘Zn + sucrose’ maximized grain Zn concentrations of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ to be 59.4, 56.9, 55.8 and 60.9 mg kg–1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
200 kg N ha–1 with foliar Zn + sucrose maximized grain Zn concentration of Jimai 22 at 55.8 mg kg–1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jimai 22e1
- Treatment
- 200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar sprayinge1
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- 55.8e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar spraying of ‘Zn + sucrose’ maximized grain Zn concentrations of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ to be 59.4, 56.9, 55.8 and 60.9 mg kg–1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
200 kg N ha–1 with foliar Zn + sucrose maximized grain Zn concentration of Luyuan 502 at 60.9 mg kg–1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Luyuan 502e1
- Treatment
- 200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar sprayinge1
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentrationse1
- Direction
- maximizede1
- Value
- 60.9e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“200 kg N ha–1 application rate in combination with foliar spraying of ‘Zn + sucrose’ maximized grain Zn concentrations of ‘Jinan 17’, ‘Jimai 20’, ‘Jimai 22’ and ‘Luyuan 502’ to be 59.4, 56.9, 55.8 and 60.9 mg kg–1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal soil N and foliar Zn management with suitable cultivars is recommended to maintain high yield with lower N input and increase grain Zn nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- optimal soil N and foliar Zn managemente1
- Outcome
- grain Zn nutritional qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Quality of Wheat Grains”
e1“Therefore, optimal soil N and foliar Zn management together with suitable cultivars maintained high grain yield with lower N input and could substantially increase grain Zn nutritional quality simultaneously”
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