Abstract
Plants face numerous challenges from both above-ground and below-ground stressors, and defend themselves against harmful insects and microorganisms in many ways. Because plant responses to biotic stresses are not only local but also systemic, below-ground interactions can influence above-ground interactions in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soilborne organisms that form symbiotic associations with many plant roots and are thought to play a central role in plant nutrition, growth, and fitness. In the present study, we focused on the influence of AMF on rice defense against pests. We manipulated the inoculation of rice plants by AMF in several field and greenhouse experiments to test whether the interaction of AMF with rice roots changes the resistance of rice against two chewing insects, the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, RWW) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW), and to infection by sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani, ShB). Both in field and greenhouse experiments, the performance of insects and the pathogen on rice was enhanced when plants were inoculated with AMF. In the field, inoculating rice plants with AMF resulted in higher numbers of RWW larvae on rice roots. In the greenhouse, more RWW first instars emerged from AMF-colonized rice plants than from non-colonized control plants. Weight gains of FAW larvae were higher on rice plants treated with AMF inoculum. Lesion lengths and susceptibility to ShB infection were higher in rice plants colonized by AMF. Although AMF inoculation enhanced the growth of rice plants, the nutritional analyses of root and shoot tissues indicated no major increases in the concentrations of nutrients in rice plants colonized by AMF. The large effects on rice susceptibility to pests in the absence of large effects on plant nutrition suggest that AMF colonization influences other mechanisms of susceptibility (e.g. defense signaling processes). This study represents the first study conducted in the U.S. in rice showing AMF-induced plant susceptibility to several antagonists that specialize on different plant tissues. Given the widespread occurrence of AMF, our findings will help to provide a different perspective into the causal basis of rice systemic resistance/susceptibility to insects and pathogens.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased rice water weevil larvae on roots in the field.
- Taxon
- Rice Plants
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- inoculating rice plants with AMFe0
- Interactor
- RWWe0pest
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- numbers of RWW larvae on rice rootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“In the field, inoculating rice plants with AMF resulted in higher numbers of RWW larvae on rice roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
More rice water weevil first instars emerged from AMF-colonized plants than controls.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF-colonizede0
- Interactor
- RWWe0pest
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- RWW first instarse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- non-colonized control plantse0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“In the greenhouse, more RWW first instars emerged from AMF-colonized rice plants than from non-colonized control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larvae gained more weight on AMF-treated rice.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculume0
- Interactor
- FAWe0pest
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Weight gains of FAW larvaee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Weight gains of FAW larvae were higher on rice plants treated with AMF inoculum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sheath blight lesion lengths were higher on AMF-colonized rice.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- colonized by AMFe0
- Interactor
- ShBe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Lesion lengthse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Lesion lengths and susceptibility to ShB infection were higher in rice plants colonized by AMF.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sheath blight susceptibility was higher on AMF-colonized rice.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- colonized by AMFe0
- Interactor
- ShBe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- susceptibility to ShB infectione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Lesion lengths and susceptibility to ShB infection were higher in rice plants colonized by AMF.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enhanced rice growth.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“Although AMF inoculation enhanced the growth of rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF colonization produced no major nutrient concentration increases in rice roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- colonized by AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of nutrientse0
- Direction
- no major increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Plants”
e0“no major increases in the concentrations of nutrients in rice plants colonized by AMF.”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 42 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
40 papers more in this group
See all 44 papers →mycorrhiza · disease · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →inoculation · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →mycorrhiza · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →inoculation · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
361 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
395 papers more in this group
See all 399 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.