Abstract
India is the leading country with respect to area and production of pulse crop pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). However, the productivity of this crop is too low and almost static for the last five decades due to cultivation of long-duration cultivars that are prone to climatic variations causing temporary water logging, drought and frost. Proper selection of the cultivar and use of appropriate crop establishment may help in enhancing productivity. Therefore, a field investigation was carried out for 3 consecutive years to determine the impact of establishment techniques on cultivars of two maturity durations—long (250–280 days; cv. JA-4) and short (130–145 days; cv. ICPL-88039), grown using the conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), zero tillage (ZT) and broad bed furrow (BBF). The BBF method significantly improved the growth, biological yield, harvest index ratio, water productivity and physicochemical properties compared to the CT, MT and ZT. The yield of pigeon pea seed and stalk under the BBF increased 9.9 and 4.1% compared to the CT. The short-duration cultivar produced higher yield (16.8%) in frost-affected year (2012–2013) but was at par with the long-duration cultivar during the normal climatic condition year (2013–2015). Overall, the short-duration cultivar produced significantly higher yield. Land use efficiency and total water use were significantly higher for the long-duration cultivar a compared to the short-duration cultivar, whereas production efficiency and water productivity were higher for the short-duration cultivar. Compared to the other tillage practices, BBF showed significantly higher organic carbon and infiltration rate but decreased pH. The trend of infiltration rate was in the order BBF > ZT > MT > CT. The bulk density of surface (0–15 cm) and sub-surface (15–30 cm) layers were significantly lower under the BBF compared to the other tillage practices. Maximum increment of available N, P, K and S in surface soil (0–15 cm) was recorded under the BBF. For the short-duration maturity cultivar of pigeon pea the BBF method appeared beneficial in terms of assured higher yield, improved water productivity and physicochemical properties of soil under variable climatic conditions in Central India.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
BBF significantly improved growth, biological yield and harvest index ratio of pigeon pea relative to CT, MT and ZT.
- Taxon
- Pigeon Pea
Cajanus cajant0 - Treatment
- BBF methode1
- Outcome
- growth, biological yield, harvest index ratioe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- CT, MT and ZTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The BBF method significantly improved the growth, biological yield, harvest index ratio, water productivity and physicochemical properties compared to the CT, MT and ZT”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF significantly improved water productivity of pigeon pea relative to CT, MT and ZT.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBF methode1
- Outcome
- water productivitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- CT, MT and ZTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The BBF method significantly improved the growth, biological yield, harvest index ratio, water productivity and physicochemical properties compared to the CT, MT and ZT”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF significantly improved physicochemical properties of the soil relative to CT, MT and ZT.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBF methode1
- Outcome
- physicochemical propertiese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- CT, MT and ZTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The BBF method significantly improved the growth, biological yield, harvest index ratio, water productivity and physicochemical properties compared to the CT, MT and ZT”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Under BBF, pigeon pea seed yield increased by 9.9% compared with CT.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe2
- Outcome
- yield of pigeon pea seede2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 9.9e2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The yield of pigeon pea seed and stalk under the BBF increased 9.9 and 4.1% compared to the CT”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Under BBF, pigeon pea stalk yield increased by 4.1% compared with CT.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe2
- Outcome
- stalke2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 4.1%e2
- Qualifier
- yield of pigeon pea seed and stalke2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The yield of pigeon pea seed and stalk under the BBF increased 9.9 and 4.1% compared to the CT”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The short-duration cultivar produced higher yield (16.8%) in the frost-affected year (2012-2013).
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Material
- short-duration cultivare3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 16.8%e3
- Setting
- frost-affected year (2012–2013)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The short-duration cultivar produced higher yield (16.8%) in frost-affected year (2012–2013)”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
In the normal climatic year (2013-2015) the short-duration cultivar was at par in yield with the long-duration cultivar.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Material
- short-duration cultivare4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- long-duration cultivare4
- Setting
- normal climatic condition year (2013–2015)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The short-duration cultivar produced higher yield (16.8%) in frost-affected year (2012–2013) but was at par with the long-duration cultivar during the normal climatic condition year (2013–2015)”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The short-duration cultivar produced significantly higher yield overall.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Material
- short-duration cultivare5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Overall, the short-duration cultivar produced significantly higher yield”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Land use efficiency and total water use were significantly higher for the long-duration cultivar than for the short-duration cultivar.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Material
- long-duration cultivare6
- Outcome
- Land use efficiency and total water usee6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- short-duration cultivare6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Land use efficiency and total water use were significantly higher for the long-duration cultivar a compared to the short-duration cultivar”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
Production efficiency and water productivity were higher for the short-duration cultivar.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Material
- short-duration cultivare7
- Outcome
- production efficiency and water productivitye7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“whereas production efficiency and water productivity were higher for the short-duration cultivar”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF showed significantly higher organic carbon and infiltration rate than the other tillage practices.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe0
- Outcome
- organic carbon and infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the other tillage practices, BBF showed significantly higher organic carbon and infiltration rate but decreased pH”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF decreased soil pH compared with the other tillage practices.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- other tillage practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the other tillage practices, BBF showed significantly higher organic carbon and infiltration rate but decreased pH”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF significantly lowered bulk density of the surface and sub-surface layers compared with the other tillage practices.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe1
- Outcome
- bulk density of surface (0–15 cm) and sub-surface (15–30 cm) layerse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- other tillage practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The bulk density of surface (0–15 cm) and sub-surface (15–30 cm) layers were significantly lower under the BBF compared to the other tillage practices”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF increased the maximum available N, P and K in surface soil.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe2
- Outcome
- available N, P, Ke2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Maximum increment of available N, P, K and S in surface soil (0–15 cm) was recorded under the BBF”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
BBF increased the maximum available S in surface soil.
- Taxon
- Pigeon PeaCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- BBFe2
- Outcome
- Se2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Qualifier
- available N, P, K and Se2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Maximum increment of available N, P, K and S in surface soil (0–15 cm) was recorded under the BBF”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
Claim · model-written summary
The BBF method appears beneficial for the short-duration pigeon pea cultivar under variable climate in Central India.
- Taxon
- pigeon peaCajanus cajane3
- Material
- short-duration maturity cultivare3
- Treatment
- BBF methode3
- Outcome
- appeared beneficiale3
- Setting
- Central Indiae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“For the short-duration maturity cultivar of pigeon pea the BBF method appeared beneficial in terms of assured higher yield, improved water productivity and physicochemical properties of soil under variable climatic conditions in Central India”
t0“Pigeon Pea”
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