Abstract
Abstract Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is a major threat to chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation, by forming root galls and subsequent wilting. These nematodes live in soil, roots debris and reported surviving in other Solanaceae crops. Chemical application of nematicides cause impact on environment, therefore biocontrol using antagonistic fungi is desired to tackle this problem. This research is aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma viride and its formulations on management of M. incognita. Oil cakes such as neem (Azadiracta indica), gingelly (Sesamum indicum), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts were used to evaluate the growth and sporulation of T. viride. Chilli variety MI-2 was used. Among the four preparations, neem oil cake recorded high spore yield of 1.75 ×10 7 spores/ml. Similarly gingelly oil cake and garlic produced the spore yields of 1.57 ×10 7 spores/ml and 1.368 ×10 7 spores/ml, respectively. Comparatively Mahua oil cake obtained low spore yield of 7.87×10 6 spores/ml. Plant growth was significant (P<0.05) in the application of neem oil cake formulation (30.42 cm). Extent of galling was significantly low with garlic (9.00) and neem (9.25). These results confirmed that the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity and reduced the nematode infestation. Above all, neem oil cake and garlic are the best formulations that can be used to manage M. incognita
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil cake yielded 1.75 ×10 7 spores/ml of T. viride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- neem oil cakee0
- Interactor
- T. viride
Trichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- spore yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 1.75 ×10 7 spores/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the four preparations, neem oil cake recorded high spore yield of 1.75 ×10 7 spores/ml.”
e1“Oil cakes such as neem (Azadiracta indica), gingelly (Sesamum indicum), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts were used to evaluate the growth and sporulation of T. viride.”
t0“in chilli”
Claim · model-written summary
Gingelly oil cake yielded 1.57 ×10 7 spores/ml of T. viride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- gingelly oil cakee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore yieldse0
- Value
- 1.57 ×10 7 spores/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly gingelly oil cake and garlic produced the spore yields of 1.57 ×10 7 spores/ml and 1.368 ×10 7 spores/ml, respectively.”
e1“the growth and sporulation of T. viride”
t0“in chilli”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic produced 1.368 ×10 7 spores/ml of T. viride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- garlice0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore yieldse0
- Value
- 1.368 ×10 7 spores/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly gingelly oil cake and garlic produced the spore yields of 1.57 ×10 7 spores/ml and 1.368 ×10 7 spores/ml, respectively.”
e1“the growth and sporulation of T. viride”
t0“in chilli”
Claim · model-written summary
Mahua oil cake yielded a low 7.87×10 6 spores/ml of T. viride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- Mahua oil cakee0
- Interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- spore yielde0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 7.87×10 6 spores/mle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparatively Mahua oil cake obtained low spore yield of 7.87×10 6 spores/ml.”
e1“the growth and sporulation of T. viride”
t0“in chilli”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil cake formulation produced significant chilli growth of 30.42 cm.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth was significant (P<0.05) in the application of neem oil cake formulation (30.42 cm).”
e1“chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic treatment had significantly low galling of 9.00.
- Taxon
- chillie1
- Treatment
- garlice0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae2pathogen - Outcome
- Extent of gallinge0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 9.00e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Extent of galling was significantly low with garlic (9.00) and neem (9.25).”
e1“chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation”
e2“Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem treatment had significantly low galling of 9.25.
- Taxon
- chillie1
- Treatment
- neeme0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae2pathogen
- Outcome
- Extent of gallinge0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 9.25e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extent of galling was significantly low with garlic (9.00) and neem (9.25).”
e1“chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation”
e2“Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that neem oil cake extract stimulated chilli growth and productivity.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that gingelly oil cake extract stimulated chilli growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- chillie0
- Treatment
- gingelly oil cake extractse0
- Outcome
- chilli plant growth, productivitye0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that garlic aqueous extract stimulated chilli growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- chillie0
- Treatment
- garlic aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- chilli plant growth, productivitye0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that neem formulations reduced nematode infestation in chilli.
- Taxon
- chillie0
- Treatment
- neeme0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity and reduced the nematode infestation.”
e1“Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that gingelly oil cake formulations reduced nematode infestation in chilli.
- Taxon
- chillie0
- Treatment
- gingelly oil cake extractse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity and reduced the nematode infestation.”
e1“Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that garlic aqueous extract reduced nematode infestation in chilli.
- Taxon
- chillie0
- Treatment
- garlic aqueous extracte0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pathogen
- Outcome
- nematode infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity and reduced the nematode infestation.”
e1“Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended neem oil cake formulation to manage M. incognita.
- Taxon
- chillie1
- Treatment
- neem oil cakee0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- manage M. incognitae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem oil cake and garlic are the best formulations that can be used to manage M. incognita”
e1“chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended garlic formulation to manage M. incognita.
- Taxon
- chillie1
- Treatment
- garlice0
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- manage M. incognitae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neem oil cake and garlic are the best formulations that can be used to manage M. incognita”
e1“chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.