Abstract
Soybean yields on smallholder farms in sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) are far below the potential yield thus creating a huge yield gap. Interventions are thus needed to bridge this yield gap and ascertain the factors influencing the yield variation. This study evaluated the on farm response of soybean to rhizobia inoculation and or mineral P fertilizer in Northern and Upper West regions of Ghana in a single non-replicate trial using four treatments: no input (control), TSP fertilizer (P), rhizobia inoculant (I) and TSP plus inoculant (P + I). In addition, the study sought to develop a robust approach for determining responsiveness and non-responsiveness using agronomic and economic indices. The results showed that the average grain yield of plots that received P or I were higher than control plots. Higher grain yield responses were however, obtained by the plots that received combined application of P and Bradyrhizobium inoculant. Grain yield response in the Northern region was higher than in the Upper West region. Response to P and or I were highly variable within and between locations. The cumulative rainfall and some soil factors including soil nitrogen, phosphorus, soil type, organic carbon, pH and texture explained about 42–79% of these variations in soybean grain yield. The agronomic approach for determining responsive and non-responsiveness revealed that 17–40 % and 6–17% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and/ or Bradyrhizobium inoculation. However, the economic approach indicated that 64–75% and 14–24% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculation. The results imply that rhizobia inoculation is an effective strategy for increasing soybean yield and improving livelihood of smallholder farmers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
P alone increased grain yield over the control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average grain yield of plots that received P or I were higher than control plots.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation alone increased grain yield over the control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Ie0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume1symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average grain yield of plots that received P or I were higher than control plots.”
t0“soybean”
e1“P and Bradyrhizobium inoculant”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined P and Bradyrhizobium inoculant produced higher grain yield responses.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- combined application of P and Bradyrhizobium inoculante0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield responsese0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher grain yield responses were however, obtained by the plots that received combined application of P and Bradyrhizobium inoculant.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield response was higher in Northern than Upper West region.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Grain yield responsee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Upper West regione0
- Setting
- Northern regione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield response in the Northern region was higher than in the Upper West region.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Responses to P or inoculation varied within and among locations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Response to P and or Ie0
- Qualifier
- highly variable within and between locationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Response to P and or I were highly variable within and between locations.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall and soil factors explained 42–79% of soybean yield variation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- variations in soybean grain yielde0
- Value
- 42–79%e0
- Qualifier
- cumulative rainfall and some soil factorse0
- Setting
- soil typee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cumulative rainfall and some soil factors including soil nitrogen, phosphorus, soil type, organic carbon, pH and texture explained about 42–79% of these variations in soybean grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic indices classified 17–40 % of Northern locations responsive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- responsive to P fertilization and/ or Bradyrhizobium inoculatione0
- Value
- 17–40 %e0
- Setting
- Northerne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agronomic approach for determining responsive and non-responsiveness revealed that 17–40 % and 6–17% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and/ or Bradyrhizobium inoculation.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic indices classified 6–17% of Upper West locations responsive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- responsive to P fertilization and/ or Bradyrhizobium inoculatione0
- Value
- 6–17%e0
- Setting
- Upper West regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agronomic approach for determining responsive and non-responsiveness revealed that 17–40 % and 6–17% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and/ or Bradyrhizobium inoculation.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic indices classified 64–75% of Northern locations responsive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- responsive to P fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculatione0
- Value
- 64–75%e0
- Setting
- Northerne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the economic approach indicated that 64–75% and 14–24% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculation.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic indices classified 14–24% of Upper West locations responsive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- responsive to P fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculatione0
- Value
- 14–24%e0
- Setting
- Upper West regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the economic approach indicated that 64–75% and 14–24% of the locations within the Northern and Upper West regions, respectively were responsive to P fertilization and Bradyrhizobium inoculation.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude rhizobia inoculation is effective for increasing soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- rhizobia inoculation is an effective strategy for increasing soybean yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rhizobia inoculation is an effective strategy for increasing soybean yield and improving livelihood of smallholder farmers.”
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