Abstract
In cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), increases in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) induce type VI leaf glandular trichomes, which are important defensive structures against arthropod herbivores. Yet, how PAR affects the type VI trichome-associated leaf chemistry and its biological significance with respect to other photomorphogenic responses in this agronomically important plant species is unknown. We used the type VI trichome-deficient tomato mutant odorless-2 (od-2) and its wild type to investigate the influence of PAR on trichome-associated chemical defenses against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type plants, but not in od-2. Furthermore, under high PAR, thrips preferred od-2 over the wild type. Both genotypes increased type VI trichome densities under high PAR. Wild-type plants, however, produced more trichome-associated allelochemicals, i.e. terpenes and phenolics, these being undetectable or barely altered in od-2. High PAR increased leaf number and thickness, and induced profound but similar metabolomic changes in wild-type and od-2 leaves. Enhanced PAR also increased levels of ABA in wild-type and od-2 plants, and of auxin in od-2, while the salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrations were unaltered. However, in both genotypes, high PAR induced the expression of jasmonic acid-responsive defense-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that high PAR-mediated induction of trichome-associated chemical defenses plays a prominent role in tomato-thrips interactions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Material
- wild-type plantse0
- Treatment
- High PARe0
- Outcome
- thrips resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
ThripsNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type plants, but not in od-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR did not increase thrips resistance in od-2 tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- od-2e0
- Treatment
- High PARe0
- Outcome
- thrips resistancee0
- Direction
- not in od-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High PAR increased thrips resistance in wild-type plants, but not in od-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high PAR, thrips preferred od-2 over wild-type tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- od-2e0
- Treatment
- high PARe0
- Outcome
- thrips preferred od-2e0
- Comparator
- the wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under high PAR, thrips preferred od-2 over the wild type.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR increased type VI trichome density in both tomato genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Both genotypese0
- Treatment
- high PARe0
- Outcome
- type VI trichome densitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both genotypes increased type VI trichome densities under high PAR.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type tomato produced more trichome-associated terpenes and phenolics.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Wild-type plantse0
- Outcome
- trichome-associated allelochemicals, i.e. terpenes and phenolicse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- od-2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wild-type plants, however, produced more trichome-associated allelochemicals, i.e. terpenes and phenolics, these being undetectable or barely altered in od-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichome-associated allelochemicals were undetectable or barely altered in od-2.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- od-2e0
- Outcome
- terpenes and phenolicse0
- Direction
- undetectable or barely alterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“terpenes and phenolics, these being undetectable or barely altered in od-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR increased tomato leaf number and thickness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- High PARe0
- Outcome
- leaf number and thicknesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High PAR increased leaf number and thickness”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR induced similar metabolomic changes in wild-type and od-2 leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- wild-type and od-2e0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- High PARe0
- Outcome
- metabolomic changese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High PAR increased leaf number and thickness, and induced profound but similar metabolomic changes in wild-type and od-2 leaves.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced PAR increased ABA levels in both tomato genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- wild-type and od-2e0
- Treatment
- Enhanced PARe0
- Outcome
- levels of ABAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced PAR also increased levels of ABA in wild-type and od-2 plants”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced PAR increased auxin levels in od-2 tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- od-2e0
- Treatment
- Enhanced PARe0
- Outcome
- auxine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced PAR also increased levels of ABA in wild-type and od-2 plants, and of auxin in od-2”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrations were unaltered.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrationse0
- Direction
- unalterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid and jasmonate concentrations were unaltered.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
High PAR induced jasmonic acid-responsive defense gene expression in both tomato genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- both genotypese0
- Treatment
- high PARe0
- Outcome
- expression of jasmonic acid-responsive defense-related genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in both genotypes, high PAR induced the expression of jasmonic acid-responsive defense-related genes.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute a prominent role in tomato-thrips interaction to high PAR induction of trichome chemical defenses.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high PARe0
- Outcome
- tomato-thrips interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high PAR-mediated induction of trichome-associated chemical defenses plays a prominent role in tomato-thrips interactions.”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
radiation · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
41 papers more in this group
See all 45 papers →radiation · Thrips · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.