Growth, radiation use efficiency and grain yield of wheat as influenced by nitrogen, tillage, and crop residue management

Claim · model-written summary

Legume residue with deep tillage produced the highest wheat crop growth and radiation use efficiency.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

LR incorporatede0

Outcome

CG and RUEe0

Direction

higheste0

Comparator

CR and/or NRe0

Setting

Pakistane0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT.”

Claim · model-written summary

Higher nitrogen rate increased wheat crop growth, radiation use efficiency and biomass.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

Increasing N-ratee0

Outcome

CG, RUE and biomass of wheate0

Direction

increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat.”

Claim · model-written summary

Deep incorporation of either residue produced healthy tiller and spike numbers.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soile0

Outcome

tillers- and spikes numbere0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass.”

Claim · model-written summary

Deep incorporation of either residue resulted in higher biomass.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soile0

Outcome

biomasse0

Direction

highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass.”

Claim · model-written summary

At 120 kg ha−1 nitrogen, legume residue had the highest growth, radiation use efficiency and grain yield, followed by cereal residue and no residue.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

Nitrogen applied 120 kg ha−1e0

Outcome

CG, RUE and grain yielde0

Direction

highere0

Comparator

CR and the lowest for the NRe0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass. Nitrogen applied 120 kg ha−1 resulted in higher CG, RUE and grain yield for treatment LR, followed by CR and the lowest for the NR.”

Claim · model-written summary

Second-year wheat had higher grain yield.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Outcome

grain yielde0

Direction

highere0

Comparator

second yeare0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass. Nitrogen applied 120 kg ha−1 resulted in higher CG, RUE and grain yield for treatment LR, followed by CR and the lowest for the NR. Crop of second year showed higher grain yield, which was due to healthy traits including better CG and RUE.”

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend deep residue incorporation to optimize nitrogen demand and production.

Taxon

spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0

Treatment

incorporated deep into the soile0

Outcome

optimize crop N-fertilizer demand for optimum productione0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) treated soil with residue type (RT), that is, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as legume (LR), maize (Zea mays L.) as cereal (CR) and no residue (NR) treatment applied (5 t ha−1) on dry matter basis. The CR was subsequently incorporated with tillage depths (TD), that is, deep (DT = 35 cm) and shallow (ST = 15 cm) as main plot treatments. The N was applied in two splits starting from 0 to 160 kg ha−1 as sub plot treatments. Experiment was conducted in two CG seasons 2009–11 at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan. Results showed the highest CG and RUE with LR incorporated than CR and/or NR with DT. Increasing N-rate resulted an increase in CG, RUE and biomass of wheat. Residue of LR or CR deeply incorporate into the soil has resulted healthy traits (i.e., tillers- and spikes number), which resulted higher biomass. Nitrogen applied 120 kg ha−1 resulted in higher CG, RUE and grain yield for treatment LR, followed by CR and the lowest for the NR. Crop of second year showed higher grain yield, which was due to healthy traits including better CG and RUE. The study suggests that CR of LR or CR nature incorporated deep into the soil can optimize crop N-fertilizer demand for optimum production, which protects environment from the excessive use of N application.”