Abstract
Availability of good quality water for agrarian purposes has become a major issue across the globe. Because of increasing demand from domestic and industrial sectors in most developing countries, irrigation water is becoming a scarce and expensive input for crop production in northwestern India. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production through flood irrigation not only wastes precious and limited water available but also leads to nutrient leaching, excessive vegetative growth, and delayed maturity. Drip irrigation coupled with fertigation holds a greater promise, specifically for the Indian state of Punjab, comprising the arid and semiarid zones of northwestern India, where brackish underground water renders it unfit for crop production. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to find a water and nitrogen (N) efficient fertigation treatment for Bt cotton for improving cotton productivity. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized block design with combinations of three drip irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 evapotranspiration [ETc]), three N fertigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose of N [RDN], i.e., 75 kg N ha−1), and an extra absolute control (surface flood irrigation with soil application of RDN). The highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 2,294 kg ha−1 was recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc, which was statistically on par with 1.0 ETc but significantly better than 0.6 ETc. Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN recorded maximum SCY (2,308 kg ha−1), which was on par with 75% RDN but significantly better than 50% RDN. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased successively and significantly with increase in fertigation level; however, apparent water productivity (AWP) and water use efficiency (WUE) remained statistically on par between 75% and 100% RDN. WUE was significantly higher under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc than 0.6 and 1.0 ETc; however, AWP was on par between 0.6 and 0.8 ETc. Combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded the highest SCY (2,428 kg ha−1). Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc resulted in 7% higher consumptive use, saving 62.1% more irrigation water than absolute control. Furthermore, the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control, respectively. Thus, drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN fertigation was more profitable, more N efficient, and more water efficient that the traditional practice of cotton cultivation in Indian Punjab.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield was highest, 2,294 kg ha-1, with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc.
- Taxon
- Bt cottont0
- Treatment
- drip irrigation at 0.8 ETce1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2,294 kg ha−1e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“The highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 2,294 kg ha−1 was recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc was statistically on par with that at 1.0 ETc.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“The highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 2,294 kg ha−1 was recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc”
e2“which was statistically on par with 1.0 ETc but significantly better than 0.6 ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc was significantly better than at 0.6 ETc.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“The highest seed cotton yield (SCY) of 2,294 kg ha−1 was recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc”
e2“which was statistically on par with 1.0 ETc but significantly better than 0.6 ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN gave the maximum seed cotton yield, 2,308 kg ha-1.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN recorded maximum SCY (2,308 kg ha−1), which was on par with 75% RDN but significantly better than 50% RDN”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield with 100% RDN was on par with that at 75% RDN.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN recorded maximum SCY (2,308 kg ha−1), which was on par with 75% RDN but significantly better than 50% RDN”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield with 100% RDN was significantly better than at 50% RDN.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Among N fertigation levels, 100% RDN recorded maximum SCY (2,308 kg ha−1), which was on par with 75% RDN but significantly better than 50% RDN”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency decreased successively and significantly as the N fertigation level increased.
- Taxon
- Bt cottont0
- Treatment
- fertigation levele1
- Outcome
- Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased successively and significantly with increase in fertigation level”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent water productivity and water use efficiency remained statistically on par between 75% and 100% RDN.
- Taxon
- Bt cottont0
- Treatment
- 75% and 100% RDNe1
- Outcome
- apparent water productivity (AWP) and water use efficiency (WUE)e1
- Direction
- on pare1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“apparent water productivity (AWP) and water use efficiency (WUE) remained statistically on par between 75% and 100% RDN”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency was significantly higher under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc than at 0.6 and 1.0 ETc.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“WUE was significantly higher under drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc than 0.6 and 1.0 ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent water productivity was on par between 0.6 and 0.8 ETc.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“AWP was on par between 0.6 and 0.8 ETc”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded the highest seed cotton yield, 2,428 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- Bt cottont0
- Treatment
- drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDNe1
- Outcome
- SCYe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2,428 kg ha−1e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded the highest SCY (2,428 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc resulted in 7% higher consumptive use than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc resulted in 7% higher consumptive use, saving 62.1% more irrigation water than absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc saved 62.1% more irrigation water than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc resulted in 7% higher consumptive use, saving 62.1% more irrigation water than absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN gave 31.2% higher seed cotton yield than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN gave 22.6% higher water use efficiency than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN gave 74.9% higher nitrogen use efficiency than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN gave 17.8% higher benefit to cost ratio than the absolute control.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“the combination of drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc and 75% RDN recorded 31.2%, 22.6%, 74.9%, and 17.8% higher SCY, WUE, NUE, and benefit to cost ratio (B:C) than the absolute control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN fertigation was more profitable, more N efficient and more water efficient than traditional cotton cultivation in Indian Punjab.
Verbatim
t0“Bt cotton”
e1“drip irrigation at 0.8 ETc with 75% RDN fertigation was more profitable, more N efficient, and more water efficient that the traditional practice of cotton cultivation in Indian Punjab”
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