Abstract
Context Nitrogen (N) loss is becoming one of the main limitations for sustainable agricultural production globally, particularly for crops such as cotton. Research question To alleviate this issue, a promising strategy may be to exploit the N-saving potential of cotton plants by optimizing N application ratios at different growth stages under lower N rate and higher planting density with wide-row spacing. Methods Two field experiments were carried out to investigate cotton yield, N use efficiency (NUE), N accumulation characteristics, and 15 N uptake and distribution in response to N fertilization. First, a two-year experiment was conducted with N fertilization of either 0, 120, 240, 360 (control) or 480 kg ha −1 . A three-year experiment was then carried out with 240 kg N ha −1 being applied with different ratios across three periods (squaring, flowering to peak boll , and late peak boll), i.e., 0:6:4 (N 064 ), 1:6:3 (N 163 ), 2:6:2 (N 262 , control), 3:6:1 (N 361 ) and 4:6:0 (N 460 ). Results Compared with conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 ), moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1 resulted in steady and higher seed cotton yields of 5945 and 5603 kg ha −1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and improved NUE by 49.1–53.6%. Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%, and accumulated 6.1–14.4% more total N (K) in reproductive organs due to higher average (Vt) and maximum (Vm) accumulation rates by 25.2–49.0% and 15.0–48.7%, respectively, while the fast N accumulation period (∆t) shortened by 15.2–24.4%. N 064 partitioned 15.6% more 15 N to reproductive organs. NUE was significantly positively correlated with K, t 1 (the day when ∆t started), Vt, Vm, Tm (the day on which Vm occurred) and 15 N accumulation in middle and upper canopy bolls, and negatively correlated with ∆t of total N accumulation in reproductive organs. Conclusions Allocating N from the squaring period to the late peak boll period led to an increase in N uptake during the reproductive growth stage and greater allocation of N to cotton bolls under reduced-N cultivation and drip fertigation . Significance This N management strategy is a potential way to improve NUE and achieve sustainable and efficient production of cotton in arid areas.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate N at 240 kg N ha-1 gave a higher seed cotton yield of 5945 kg ha-1 in 2017 than conventional 360 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1e1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 5945e1
- Qualifier
- kg ha −1 in 2017e1
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 )e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e1“Compared with conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 ), moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1 resulted in steady and higher seed cotton yields of 5945 and 5603 kg ha −1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and improved NUE by 49.1–53.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate N at 240 kg N ha-1 gave a higher seed cotton yield of 5603 kg ha-1 in 2018 than conventional 360 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1e1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 5603e1
- Qualifier
- kg ha −1 in 2017 and 2018e1
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 )e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e1“Compared with conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 ), moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1 resulted in steady and higher seed cotton yields of 5945 and 5603 kg ha −1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and improved NUE by 49.1–53.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate N at 240 kg N ha-1 improved NUE by 49.1–53.6% relative to conventional 360 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1e1
- Outcome
- NUEe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 49.1–53.6%e1
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 )e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e1“Compared with conventional N fertilization (360 kg N ha −1 ), moderate fertilization at 240 kg N ha −1 resulted in steady and higher seed cotton yields of 5945 and 5603 kg ha −1 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and improved NUE by 49.1–53.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifting N application later (N 064) increased lint yield and PFFPN by 4.4–7.7% relative to the conventional N 262 control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- a shift to later N application (N 064 )e2
- Outcome
- lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN)e2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 4.4–7.7%e2
- Comparator
- conventional N 262e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e2“Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifting N application later (N 064) increased total N accumulation in reproductive organs by 6.1–14.4% relative to N 262.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive organse3
- Treatment
- a shift to later N application (N 064 )e2
- Outcome
- total N (K)e3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 6.1–14.4%e3
- Comparator
- conventional N 262e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e2“Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%”
e3“accumulated 6.1–14.4% more total N (K) in reproductive organs due to higher average (Vt) and maximum (Vm) accumulation rates by 25.2–49.0% and 15.0–48.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifting N application later (N 064) increased the average (Vt) accumulation rate by 25.2–49.0% relative to N 262.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- a shift to later N application (N 064 )e2
- Outcome
- average (Vt)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 25.2–49.0%e3
- Qualifier
- accumulation ratese3
- Comparator
- conventional N 262e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e2“Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%”
e3“accumulated 6.1–14.4% more total N (K) in reproductive organs due to higher average (Vt) and maximum (Vm) accumulation rates by 25.2–49.0% and 15.0–48.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifting N application later (N 064) increased the maximum (Vm) accumulation rate by 15.0–48.7% relative to N 262.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- a shift to later N application (N 064 )e2
- Outcome
- maximum (Vm)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 15.0–48.7%e3
- Qualifier
- accumulation ratese3
- Comparator
- conventional N 262e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e2“Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%”
e3“accumulated 6.1–14.4% more total N (K) in reproductive organs due to higher average (Vt) and maximum (Vm) accumulation rates by 25.2–49.0% and 15.0–48.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shifting N application later (N 064) shortened the fast N accumulation period (∆t) by 15.2–24.4% relative to N 262.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- a shift to later N application (N 064 )e2
- Outcome
- fast N accumulation period (∆t)e4
- Direction
- shortenede4
- Value
- 15.2–24.4%e4
- Comparator
- conventional N 262e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e2“Compared with conventional N 262 , a shift to later N application (N 064 ) increased both lint yield and partial factor fiber productivity of nitrogen (PFFPN) by 4.4–7.7%”
e4“while the fast N accumulation period (∆t) shortened by 15.2–24.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
N 064 partitioned 15.6% more 15N to reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- N 064e5
- Outcome
- 15 N to reproductive organse5
- Direction
- moree5
- Value
- 15.6%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e5“N 064 partitioned 15.6% more 15 N to reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE was significantly positively correlated with K, t1 and Vt.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Compound
- Ne6
- Outcome
- NUEe6
- Direction
- positively correlatede6
- Qualifier
- K, t 1 (the day when ∆t started), Vte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e6“NUE was significantly positively correlated with K, t 1 (the day when ∆t started), Vt, Vm, Tm (the day on which Vm occurred) and 15 N accumulation in middle and upper canopy bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE was significantly positively correlated with Vm, Tm and 15N accumulation in middle and upper canopy bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- middle and upper canopy bollse6
- Compound
- 15 Ne6
- Outcome
- NUEe6
- Direction
- positively correlatede6
- Qualifier
- Vm, Tme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e6“NUE was significantly positively correlated with K, t 1 (the day when ∆t started), Vt, Vm, Tm (the day on which Vm occurred) and 15 N accumulation in middle and upper canopy bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE was negatively correlated with ∆t of total N accumulation in reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive organse7
- Outcome
- NUEe6
- Direction
- negatively correlatede7
- Qualifier
- ∆t of total N accumulation in reproductive organse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e6“NUE was significantly positively correlated with K, t 1 (the day when ∆t started), Vt, Vm, Tm (the day on which Vm occurred) and 15 N accumulation in middle and upper canopy bolls”
e7“negatively correlated with ∆t of total N accumulation in reproductive organs”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend this N management strategy to improve NUE for cotton in arid areas.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- improve NUEe7
- Setting
- arid arease7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“bolls of cotton”
e7“This N management strategy is a potential way to improve NUE and achieve sustainable and efficient production of cotton in arid areas.”
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