Abstract
Plants suffer multiple, simultaneous biotic threats from both above and below ground. These pests and/or pathogens are commonly studied on an individual basis and the effects of above-ground pests on below-ground pathogens are poorly-defined. Root exudates from potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were analysed to characterise the top-down plant-mediated interactions between a phloem-sucking herbivore (Myzus persicae) and a sedentary, endoparasitic nematode (Globodera pallida). Increasing inocula of the aphid, M. persicae, reduced the root mass of potato plants. Exudates collected from these roots induced significantly lower hatching of second-stage juveniles from G. pallida eggs over a 28-day period, than those from uninfested control plants. Inhibition of hatch was significantly positively correlated with size of aphid inoculum. Diminished hatching was partially recovered after treatment with root exudate from uninfested potato plants indicating that the effect on hatching is reversible but cannot be fully recovered. Glucose and fructose content was reduced in root exudates from aphid-infested potato plants compared to controls and these sugars were found to induce hatching of G. pallida, but not to the same degree as potato root exudate. Supplementing aphid-infested potato root exudate with sugars did not recover the hatching potential of the treatment, suggesting that additional compounds play an important role in egg hatch. The first gene up-regulated in the closely related potato cyst nematode G. rostochiensis post-exposure to host root exudate, Neprilysin-1, was confirmed to be up-regulated in G. pallida cysts after exposure to potato root exudate and was also up-regulated by the sugar treatments. Significantly reduced up-regulation of Gpa-nep-1 was observed in cysts treated with root exudates from potato plants infested with greater numbers of aphids. Our data suggest that aphid infestation of potato plants affects the composition of root exudates, with consequential effects on the hatching and gene expression of G. pallida eggs. This work shows that an above-ground pest can indirectly impact the rhizosphere and reveals secondary effects for control of an economically important below-ground pathogen.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing aphid inocula reduced potato root mass.
- Taxon
- potato plants
Solanum tuberosume0 - Treatment
- Increasing inocula of the aphid, M. persicaee0
- Interactor
- M. persicae
Myzus persicaee0pest - Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing inocula of the aphid, M. persicae, reduced the root mass of potato plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exudates from aphid-infested potato roots induced less G. pallida hatching than exudates from uninfested plants.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- Exudates collected from these rootse0
- Interactor
- G. pallida
Globodera pallidae0pathogen - Outcome
- hatching of second-stage juveniles from G. pallida eggse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 28-day periode0
- Comparator
- uninfested control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exudates collected from these roots induced significantly lower hatching of second-stage juveniles from G. pallida eggs over a 28-day period, than those from uninfested control plants.”
t0“Potato Root Exudate”
Claim · model-written summary
Hatch inhibition increased with aphid inoculum size.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of hatch was significantly positively correlated with size of aphid inoculum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Uninfested potato root exudate partly restored hatching after inhibition, but not fully.
- Taxon
- potato plantsSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- root exudate from uninfested potato plantse0
- Outcome
- hatchinge0
- Direction
- partially recoverede0
- Qualifier
- cannot be fully recoverede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diminished hatching was partially recovered after treatment with root exudate from uninfested potato plants indicating that the effect on hatching is reversible but cannot be fully recovered.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose and fructose content fell in root exudates from aphid-infested potato plants.
- Taxon
- potato plantsSolanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- root exudatese0
- Treatment
- aphid-infestede0
- Outcome
- Glucose and fructose contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glucose and fructose content was reduced in root exudates from aphid-infested potato plants compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose and fructose induced G. pallida hatching less than potato root exudate.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- these sugarse0
- Interactor
- G. pallidaGlobodera pallidae0pathogen
- Outcome
- hatching of G. pallidae0
- Direction
- not to the same degreee0
- Comparator
- potato root exudatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these sugars were found to induce hatching of G. pallida, but not to the same degree as potato root exudate”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding sugars to aphid-infested potato exudate did not restore hatching potential.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- Supplementing aphid-infested potato root exudate with sugarse0
- Outcome
- hatching potentiale0
- Direction
- did not recovere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementing aphid-infested potato root exudate with sugars did not recover the hatching potential of the treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Potato root exudate up-regulated Neprilysin-1 in G. pallida cysts.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- potato root exudatee0
- Interactor
- G. pallidaGlobodera pallidae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Neprilysin-1e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neprilysin-1, was confirmed to be up-regulated in G. pallida cysts after exposure to potato root exudate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar treatments also up-regulated Neprilysin-1 in G. pallida cysts.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- sugar treatmentse0
- Interactor
- G. pallidaGlobodera pallidae1pathogen
- Outcome
- Neprilysin-1e1
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was also up-regulated by the sugar treatments”
e1“Neprilysin-1, was confirmed to be up-regulated in G. pallida cysts after exposure to potato root exudate”
Claim · model-written summary
Exudates from potato plants with more aphids reduced Gpa-nep-1 up-regulation in nematode cysts.
- Taxon
- potato plantsSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- root exudates from potato plants infested with greater numbers of aphidse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- up-regulation of Gpa-nep-1e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly reduced up-regulation of Gpa-nep-1 was observed in cysts treated with root exudates from potato plants infested with greater numbers of aphids.”
The same questions in other papers
Myzus persicae · growth · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
allelopathy · Globodera pallida · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
inoculation · growth · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Positive and negative results
21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 82 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
100 papers more in this group
See all 104 papers →allelopathy · pest · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.