Abstract
Although the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on soybean yield has been well documented, few studies have addressed seed quality, particularly at the fresh edible (R6) and maturity stages (R8). Under the current global scenario of increasing CO2 levels, this potentially threatens the nutritional content and quality of food crops. Using four soybean cultivars, we assessed the effects of eCO2 on the concentration of crude protein, crude oil, and isoflavones, and analyzed changes in free amino acids, fatty acids, and mineral elements in seeds. At R6, eCO2 had no influence on soybean seed protein and oil concentrations. At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased seed protein concentration but increased seed oil concentration; it also significantly decreased total free amino acid concentration. However, at the same stage, the proportion of oleic acid (18:1) among fatty acids increased in response to eCO2 in the cultivars Zhongke-maodou 2 (ZK-2) and Zhongke-maodou 3 (ZK-3), and a similar trend was found for linoleic acid (18:2) in Zhongke-maodou 1 (ZK-1) and Hei-maodou (HD). Total isoflavone concentration increased significantly at both the R6 and R8 stages in response to eCO2. Compared to ambient CO2, the K, Ca, Mg, P and S concentration increased significantly under eCO2 at R6, while the Fe concentration decreased significantly. The response of Zn and Mn concentrations to eCO2 varied among cultivars. At R8 and under eCO2, Mg, S and Ca concentrations increased significantly, while Zn and Fe concentrations decreased significantly. These findings suggest that eCO2 is likely to benefit the accumulation of seed fat and isoflavone, but not that of protein. In this study, the response of seed mineral nutrients to eCO2 varied between cultivars.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At R6, eCO2 had no effect on soybean seed protein and oil concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Material
- four soybean cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- R6e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- seed protein and oil concentrationse1
- Direction
- no influencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R6, eCO2 had no influence on soybean seed protein and oil concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased soybean seed protein concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- four soybean cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- R8e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- seed protein concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased seed protein concentration but increased seed oil concentration; it also significantly decreased total free amino acid concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
At R8, eCO2 significantly increased soybean seed oil concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- four soybean cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- R8e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- seed oil concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased seed protein concentration but increased seed oil concentration; it also significantly decreased total free amino acid concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased total free amino acid concentration in soybean seed.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- four soybean cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- R8e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- total free amino acid concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R8, eCO2 significantly decreased seed protein concentration but increased seed oil concentration; it also significantly decreased total free amino acid concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Under eCO2, the proportion of oleic acid (18:1) among fatty acids increased in Zhongke-maodou 2 and Zhongke-maodou 3 soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Zhongke-maodou 2 (ZK-2) and Zhongke-maodou 3 (ZK-3)e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- the proportion of oleic acid (18:1) among fatty acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“However, at the same stage, the proportion of oleic acid (18:1) among fatty acids increased in response to eCO2 in the cultivars Zhongke-maodou 2 (ZK-2) and Zhongke-maodou 3 (ZK-3), and a similar trend was found for linoleic acid (18:2) in Zhongke-maodou 1 (ZK-1) and Hei-maodou (HD).”
Claim · model-written summary
Under eCO2, a similar increase trend was found for linoleic acid (18:2) in Zhongke-maodou 1 and Hei-maodou soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- Zhongke-maodou 1 (ZK-1) and Hei-maodou (HD)e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- linoleic acid (18:2)e1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“However, at the same stage, the proportion of oleic acid (18:1) among fatty acids increased in response to eCO2 in the cultivars Zhongke-maodou 2 (ZK-2) and Zhongke-maodou 3 (ZK-3), and a similar trend was found for linoleic acid (18:2) in Zhongke-maodou 1 (ZK-1) and Hei-maodou (HD).”
Claim · model-written summary
Total isoflavone concentration increased significantly at the R6 and R8 stages under eCO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- four soybean cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- R6 and R8 stagese1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Total isoflavone concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“Total isoflavone concentration increased significantly at both the R6 and R8 stages in response to eCO2”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with ambient CO2, eCO2 increased K, Ca and Mg concentration in soybean seed at R6.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R6e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- K, Ca, Mge1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambient CO2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“Compared to ambient CO2, the K, Ca, Mg, P and S concentration increased significantly under eCO2 at R6, while the Fe concentration decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with ambient CO2, eCO2 increased P and S concentration in soybean seed at R6.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R6e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- P and Se1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambient CO2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“Compared to ambient CO2, the K, Ca, Mg, P and S concentration increased significantly under eCO2 at R6, while the Fe concentration decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with ambient CO2, eCO2 decreased Fe concentration in soybean seed at R6.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R6e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- ambient CO2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“Compared to ambient CO2, the K, Ca, Mg, P and S concentration increased significantly under eCO2 at R6, while the Fe concentration decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
The response of Zn and Mn concentrations in soybean seed to eCO2 varied among cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Zn and Mn concentrationse1
- Qualifier
- varied among cultivarse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“The response of Zn and Mn concentrations to eCO2 varied among cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At R8 under eCO2, Mg, S and Ca concentrations increased significantly in soybean seed.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R8e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Mg, S and Ca concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R8 and under eCO2, Mg, S and Ca concentrations increased significantly, while Zn and Fe concentrations decreased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
At R8 under eCO2, Zn and Fe concentrations decreased significantly in soybean seed.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R8e1
- Treatment
- eCO2e1
- Outcome
- Zn and Fe concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using four soybean cultivars”
e1“At R8 and under eCO2, Mg, S and Ca concentrations increased significantly, while Zn and Fe concentrations decreased significantly”
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See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.