Abstract
Melatonin plays an important role in stress tolerance in plants. In this study, exogenous melatonin significantly alleviated the dwarf phenotype and inhibited the decrease of plant fresh weight induced by excess copper (Cu2+). Our results indicated that melatonin alleviated Cu2+ toxicity by improving Cu2+ sequestration, carbon metabolism and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging, rather than by influencing the Cu2+ uptake under excess Cu2+ conditions. Transcriptome analysis showed that melatonin broadly altered gene expression under Cu2+ stress. Melatonin increased the levels of glutathione and phytochelatin to chelate excess Cu2+ and promoted cell wall trapping, thus keeping more Cu2+ in the cell wall and vacuole. Melatonin inhibited ROS production and enhanced antioxidant systems at the transcriptional level and enzyme activities, thus building a line of defense in response to excess Cu2+. The distribution of nutrient elements was recovered by melatonin which was disturbed by Cu2+. In addition, melatonin activated carbon metabolism, especially glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, to generate more ATP, an intermediate for biosynthesis. Taken together, melatonin alleviated Cu2+ toxicity in cucumber via multiple mechanisms. These results will help to resolve the toxic effects of Cu2+ stress on plant growth and development. These results can be used for new strategies to solve problems associated with Cu2+ stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin alleviated copper-induced dwarfing.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- exogenous melatonine0
- Outcome
- dwarf phenotypee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- excess copper (Cu2+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous melatonin significantly alleviated the dwarf phenotype and inhibited the decrease of plant fresh weight induced by excess copper (Cu2+).”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin inhibited the copper-induced decline in plant fresh weight.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- exogenous melatonine0
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte0
- Direction
- inhibited the decreasee0
- Comparator
- excess copper (Cu2+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous melatonin significantly alleviated the dwarf phenotype and inhibited the decrease of plant fresh weight induced by excess copper (Cu2+).”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved copper sequestration under excess copper.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- Cu2+ sequestratione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- excess Cu2+ conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin alleviated Cu2+ toxicity by improving Cu2+ sequestration, carbon metabolism and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging, rather than by influencing the Cu2+ uptake under excess Cu2+ conditions.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved carbon metabolism under excess copper.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- carbon metabolisme0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- excess Cu2+ conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin alleviated Cu2+ toxicity by improving Cu2+ sequestration, carbon metabolism and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging, rather than by influencing the Cu2+ uptake under excess Cu2+ conditions.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved ROS scavenging under excess copper.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenginge0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- excess Cu2+ conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin alleviated Cu2+ toxicity by improving Cu2+ sequestration, carbon metabolism and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging, rather than by influencing the Cu2+ uptake under excess Cu2+ conditions.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin did not influence copper uptake under excess copper.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Melatonint0
- Outcome
- Cu2+ uptakee0
- Comparator
- excess Cu2+ conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rather than by influencing the Cu2+ uptake under excess Cu2+ conditions.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin broadly changed gene expression under copper stress.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- gene expressione0
- Comparator
- Cu2+ stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis showed that melatonin broadly altered gene expression under Cu2+ stress.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased glutathione and phytochelatin levels to chelate excess copper.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- levels of glutathione and phytochelatine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- excess Cu2+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin increased the levels of glutathione and phytochelatin to chelate excess Cu2+”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin promoted cell wall trapping and kept more copper in cell walls and vacuoles.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- more Cu2+ in the cell wall and vacuolee0
- Qualifier
- cell wall trappinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted cell wall trapping, thus keeping more Cu2+ in the cell wall and vacuole.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin inhibited ROS production.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- ROS productione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin inhibited ROS production and enhanced antioxidant systems at the transcriptional level and enzyme activities”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced antioxidant systems at the transcriptional and enzyme activity levels.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- Melatonine0
- Outcome
- antioxidant systems at the transcriptional level and enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin inhibited ROS production and enhanced antioxidant systems at the transcriptional level and enzyme activities”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin restored the nutrient element distribution disturbed by copper.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- distribution of nutrient elementse0
- Direction
- recoverede0
- Comparator
- Cu2+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The distribution of nutrient elements was recovered by melatonin which was disturbed by Cu2+.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin activated glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway to generate more ATP.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- melatonine0
- Outcome
- more ATPe0
- Qualifier
- glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“melatonin activated carbon metabolism, especially glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, to generate more ATP, an intermediate for biosynthesis.”
t0“Melatonin Alleviates Copper Toxicity via Improving Copper Sequestration and ROS Scavenging in Cucumber”
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