Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in the food chain has led to stricter environmental regulations in the past decades because of its toxicity to humans, animals and aquatic life. The interaction between contaminated soil, plants and the rhizosphere for environmental sustainability is still under research. We used two root endophytic fungi, the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and the beneficial endophyte Serendipita indica to test the effect on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in a pot experiment with soil contaminated with lead and copper under defined greenhouse conditions. Both fungi mediate an increase in shoot and root dry weight of sweet basil plants under all conditions and decrease the amount of lead in shoots. The amount of copper was reduced by S. indica, while the AM fungus showed this effect only when soils were contaminated with both heavy metals. Furthermore, the AMF, but not the endophyte S. indica revealed a strong increasing effect on the concentrations of the essential oils linalool and eucalyptol even on contaminated soils. Hence, cultivating sweet basil with beneficial fungi under difficult environmental conditions could be of interest for industry, because quantity and quality of plants are increased while the amount of heavy metals is generally reduced.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis increased basil shoot and root dry weight under all conditions.
- Taxon
- sweet basil
Ocimum basilicume1 - Treatment
- Rhizophagus irregularise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis”
e1“Both fungi mediate an increase in shoot and root dry weight of sweet basil plants under all conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica increased basil shoot and root dry weight under all conditions.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- Serendipita indicae0
- Interactor
- Serendipita indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the beneficial endophyte Serendipita indica”
e1“Both fungi mediate an increase in shoot and root dry weight of sweet basil plants under all conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis decreased lead in basil shoots.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume2
- Treatment
- Rhizophagus irregularise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise0symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of lead in shootse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizophagus irregularis”
e1“Both fungi mediate an increase in shoot and root dry weight of sweet basil plants under all conditions and decrease the amount of lead in shoots”
e2“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica decreased lead in basil shoots.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume2
- Treatment
- Serendipita indicae0
- Interactor
- Serendipita indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of lead in shootse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Serendipita indica”
e1“Both fungi mediate an increase in shoot and root dry weight of sweet basil plants under all conditions and decrease the amount of lead in shoots”
e2“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita indica reduced copper in basil.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- S. indicae0
- Interactor
- Serendipita indicaSerendipita indicae2symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of coppere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of copper was reduced by S. indica”
e1“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)”
e2“the beneficial endophyte Serendipita indica”
Claim · model-written summary
The AM fungus reduced copper only when both metals contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume2
- Treatment
- AM funguse0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise3symbiont
- Outcome
- amount of coppere1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- only when soils were contaminated with both heavy metalse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the AM fungus showed this effect only when soils were contaminated with both heavy metals”
e1“The amount of copper was reduced by S. indica”
e2“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)”
e3“Rhizophagus irregularis”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased linalool and eucalyptol concentrations in basil even in contaminated soil.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise2symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations of the essential oils linalool and eucalyptole0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- endophyte S. indicae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the AMF, but not the endophyte S. indica revealed a strong increasing effect on the concentrations of the essential oils linalool and eucalyptol even on contaminated soils”
e1“sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)”
e2“Rhizophagus irregularis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose cultivating sweet basil with beneficial fungi under difficult conditions.
- Taxon
- sweet basilOcimum basilicume0
- Outcome
- cultivating sweet basil with beneficial fungi under difficult environmental conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivating sweet basil with beneficial fungi under difficult environmental conditions could be of interest for industry”
The same questions in other papers
Serendipita indica · nutrient: content · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Serendipita indica · growth · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
mycorrhiza · Rhizophagus irregularis · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.