Abstract
Serendipita indica is a plant growth-promoting fungus. It is a natural soil dweller that can colonize the roots of a wide range of plants, including cultivated crops. S. indica has been reported to improve plant nutrient uptake and increase stress tolerance when inoculated into the soil. The present study was undertaken to study the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of S. indica on salt-stressed Ocimum basilicum ‘Fin vert’ in vitro, either in a culture vessel with a semi-solid medium or via a modified temporary immersion bioreactor system (SETIS). For all salt concentrations, VOCs of S. indica significantly improved plant growth in both semi-solid medium and SETIS bioreactors. This resulted in heavier and taller plants, more shoots per plant, and longer roots. This was even observed for the control without salt. At 9 g/L NaCl, plants with Serendipita were able to give longer roots than those without (1.2 cm vs. 0.0 and 1.7 cm vs. 1.7 cm) in the semi-solid medium and SETIS, respectively. Nevertheless, the VOCs were not able to make the plant salt tolerant to this high concentration. The increase in total phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenging suggest that the antioxidant defense system is triggered by the S. indica VOCs. In the semi-solid system, without VOCs, 1 g/L NaCl led to an increase in total chlorophyll content (TCC) and a significant decrease in TCC was further measured only at 6 g/L NaCl or more. However, when VOCs were added, the bleaching effect of the salt was partially restored, even at 6 and 9 g/L NaCl. A significant decrease in TCC was also measured in the SETIS system at 6 g/L NaCl or more and treatment with VOC did not make any difference. An exception was 9 g/L, where the VOC-treated plants produced more than three times more chlorophyll than the non-treated plants. These findings will encourage the application of Serendipita indica for stress reduction. In addition, the proposed original adaptation of a temporary immersion system will be instrumental to investigate stress reduction associated with volatile compounds and better understand their mechanism of action.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita volatiles improved basil growth across salt concentrations in both systems.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- VOCs of S. indicae0
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all salt concentrations, VOCs of S. indica significantly improved plant growth in both semi-solid medium and SETIS bioreactors. This resulted in heavier and taller plants, more shoots per plant, and longer roots.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 9 g/L NaCl, Serendipita increased root length in semi-solid medium from 0.0 to 1.2 cm.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- plants with Serendipitae0
- Interactor
- Serendipita
Serendipitae0symbiont
- Outcome
- longer rootse0
- Direction
- longere0
- Value
- 1.2 cme0
- Comparator
- those withoute0
- Setting
- semi-solid mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 9 g/L NaCl, plants with Serendipita were able to give longer roots than those without (1.2 cm vs. 0.0 and 1.7 cm vs. 1.7 cm) in the semi-solid medium and SETIS, respectively.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The volatiles did not confer tolerance to the highest salt concentration.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- VOCse0
- Outcome
- salt tolerante0
- Direction
- not ablee0
- Qualifier
- this high concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the VOCs were not able to make the plant salt tolerant to this high concentration”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Serendipita volatiles increased phenolics, flavonoids and radical scavenging.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- S. indica VOCse0
- Interactor
- S. indicaSerendipita indicae0symbiont
- Outcome
- total phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenginge0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in total phenolic and flavonoid content and radical scavenging suggest that the antioxidant defense system is triggered by the S. indica VOCs.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without volatiles, 1 g/L salt increased total chlorophyll in semi-solid culture.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g/L NaCle0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll content (TCC)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without VOCs, 1 g/L NaCl led to an increase in total chlorophyll content (TCC)”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 g/L salt or more, total chlorophyll significantly decreased in semi-solid culture.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 6 g/L NaCl or moree0
- Outcome
- TCCe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant decrease in TCC was further measured only at 6 g/L NaCl or more”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles partially restored salt-induced bleaching at 6 and 9 g/L salt in semi-solid culture.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- VOCse0
- Outcome
- bleaching effect of the salte0
- Direction
- partially restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when VOCs were added, the bleaching effect of the salt was partially restored, even at 6 and 9 g/L NaCl”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 g/L salt or more, chlorophyll declined significantly in SETIS.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 6 g/L NaCl or moree0
- Outcome
- TCCe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- SETIS systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant decrease in TCC was also measured in the SETIS system at 6 g/L NaCl or more and treatment with VOC did not make any difference.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatiles did not alter SETIS chlorophyll at these salt concentrations.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- treatment with VOCe0
- Outcome
- TCCe0
- Direction
- did not make any differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant decrease in TCC was also measured in the SETIS system at 6 g/L NaCl or more and treatment with VOC did not make any difference.”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 9 g/L salt, volatile-treated plants produced over three times the chlorophyll of untreated plants in SETIS.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum L.Ocimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- VOC-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- more than three timese0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An exception was 9 g/L, where the VOC-treated plants produced more than three times more chlorophyll than the non-treated plants”
t0“Ocimum basilicum L.”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: pigments · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Serendipita indica · growth · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.