Abstract
Rice, (Oryza sativa L.), is liable to infestation with several insect pests, from which is the rice stem borer, Chilo agamemnon Bles. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Field trials were conducted in Egypt during 2015 and 2016 rice seasons to evaluate the efficacy of releasing the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and applying different silica materials to reduce the pest infestation. The most efficient borer control was achieved when the parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 wasps/feddan) at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Sirw Agricultural Research Stations in 2015 season, at the maximum tillering stage plus at panicle initiation, as the borer infestation was reduced by (84.77%). Similar results (79.32% borer control) were obtained when the parasitoid was released at panicle initiation and heading rice plant growth stages. The parasitoid release was as efficient as the application of the widely applied insecticide (carbofuran). A large-scale release (17–20 feddans) was performed at the same research stations in the 2016 season. The parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 parasitoids/feddan) at the maximum tillering stage, 30 days after transplanting (DAT) and at panicle initiation (45 DAT). Dead hearts (DH) averaged (1.80 and 3.67%) in release and non-release treatments, respectively, with a reduction in DH of (50.95%). The corresponding reduction in white heads averaged (70.64%). Potassium silicate (68% Si, 500 kg/feddan), as basal after last tillage or magnesium silicate (62% Si, 2 kg /feddan), as a spray 20 and 40 days after transplanting achieved (58.25 and 45.31%) white head reduction, respectively, due to borer infestation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Two parasitoid releases at tillering and panicle initiation reduced borer infestation by 84.77% in 2015.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 wasps/feddan)e0
- Interactor
- borere0pest
- Second interactor
- parasitoide0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- borer infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84.77%e0
- Setting
- Sakha, Gemmiza, and Sirw Agricultural Research Stationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most efficient borer control was achieved when the parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 wasps/feddan) at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Sirw Agricultural Research Stations in 2015 season, at the maximum tillering stage plus at panicle initiation, as the borer infestation was reduced by (84.77%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid release at panicle initiation and heading gave 79.32% borer control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- parasitoid was released at panicle initiation and headinge0
- Interactor
- borere0pest
- Second interactor
- parasitoide0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- borer controle0
- Value
- 79.32%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results (79.32% borer control) were obtained when the parasitoid was released at panicle initiation and heading rice plant growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitoid release was as effective as carbofuran.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- parasitoid releasee0
- Interactor
- parasitoide0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- as efficiente0
- Direction
- as efficiente0
- Comparator
- application of the widely applied insecticide (carbofuran)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parasitoid release was as efficient as the application of the widely applied insecticide (carbofuran).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Large-scale parasitoid releases lowered dead hearts from 3.67% to 1.80%, a 50.95% reduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- releasee0
- Outcome
- Dead hearts (DH)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 50.95%e0
- Qualifier
- 1.80 and 3.67%e0
- Comparator
- non-release treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dead hearts (DH) averaged (1.80 and 3.67%) in release and non-release treatments, respectively, with a reduction in DH of (50.95%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Large-scale parasitoid release reduced white heads by 70.64%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- white headse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 70.64%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The corresponding reduction in white heads averaged (70.64%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal potassium silicate reduced borer-related white heads by 58.25%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Potassium silicate (68% Si, 500 kg/feddan), as basal after last tillagee0
- Interactor
- borere0pest
- Outcome
- white heade0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 58.25e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium silicate (68% Si, 500 kg/feddan), as basal after last tillage or magnesium silicate (62% Si, 2 kg /feddan), as a spray 20 and 40 days after transplanting achieved (58.25 and 45.31%) white head reduction, respectively, due to borer infestation.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed magnesium silicate reduced borer-related white heads by 45.31%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- magnesium silicate (62% Si, 2 kg /feddan), as a spray 20 and 40 days after transplantinge0
- Interactor
- borere0pest
- Outcome
- white heade0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 45.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium silicate (68% Si, 500 kg/feddan), as basal after last tillage or magnesium silicate (62% Si, 2 kg /feddan), as a spray 20 and 40 days after transplanting achieved (58.25 and 45.31%) white head reduction, respectively, due to borer infestation.”
t0“rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.