Abstract
Soil salinity is widespread in rice-producing areas globally, restricting both vegetative growth and grain yield. Attempts to improve the salt tolerance of Asian rice, Oryza sativa —the most salt sensitive of the major cereal crops—have met with limited success, due to the complexity of the trait and finite variation in salt responses among O. sativa lines. Naturally occurring variation among the more than 20 wild species of the Oryza genus has great potential to provide breeders with novel genes to improve resistance to salt. Here, through two distinct screening experiments, we investigated variation in salinity tolerance among accessions of two wild rice species endemic to Australia, O. meridionalis and O. australiensis , with O. sativa cultivars Pokkali and IR29 providing salt-tolerant and sensitive controls, respectively. Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d, a period sufficient to reveal differences in growth and physiological traits. Two complementary screening approaches were used: destructive phenotyping and high-throughput image-based phenotyping. All genotypes displayed clear responses to salt treatment. In the first experiment, both salt-tolerant Pokkali and an O. australiensis accession ( Oa -VR) showed the least reduction in biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll content in response to salinity. Average shoot Na + /K + values of these plants were the lowest among the genotypes tested. In the second experiment, plant responses to different levels of salt stress were quantified over time based on projected shoot area calculated from visible red-green-blue (RGB) and fluorescence images. Pokkali grew significantly faster than the other genotypes. Pokkali and Oa -VR plants displayed the same absolute growth rate under 80 and 100 mM, while Oa -D grew significantly slower with the same treatments. Oa -VR showed substantially less inhibition of growth in response to salinity when compared with Oa -D. Senescence was seen in Oa -D after 30 d treatment with 40 mM NaCl, while the putatively salt-tolerant Oa -VR had only minor leaf damage, even at higher salt treatments, with less than a 40% increase in relative senescence at 100 mM NaCl compared to 120% for Oa -VR. The combination of our two screening experiments uncovered striking levels of salt tolerance diversity among the Australian wild rice accessions tested and enabled analysis of their growth responses to a range of salt levels. Our results validate image-based phenotyping as a valuable tool for quantitative measurement of plant responses to abiotic stresses. They also highlight the potential of exotic germplasm to provide new genetic variation for salinity tolerance in rice.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali showed the least reduction in biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll content under salinity.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- Pokkalie1
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- least reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“both salt-tolerant Pokkali and an O. australiensis accession ( Oa -VR) showed the least reduction in biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll content in response to salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Oa -VR, an O. australiensis accession, showed the least reduction in biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll content under salinity.
- Taxon
- O. australiensis
Oryza australiensise1 - Material
- Oa -VRe1
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- least reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“both salt-tolerant Pokkali and an O. australiensis accession ( Oa -VR) showed the least reduction in biomass accumulation, SES score and chlorophyll content in response to salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Average shoot Na+/K+ values of Pokkali and Oa -VR were the lowest among the genotypes tested.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Average shoot Na + /K + valuese1
- Direction
- were the loweste1
- Comparator
- the genotypes testede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Average shoot Na + /K + values of these plants were the lowest among the genotypes tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali grew significantly faster than the other genotypes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Pokkalie1
- Outcome
- grewe1
- Direction
- significantly fastere1
- Comparator
- the other genotypese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Pokkali grew significantly faster than the other genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Pokkali and Oa -VR had the same absolute growth rate under 80 and 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Pokkali and Oa -VRe1
- Treatment
- 80 and 100 mMe1
- Outcome
- absolute growth ratee1
- Direction
- samee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Pokkali and Oa -VR plants displayed the same absolute growth rate under 80 and 100 mM, while Oa -D grew significantly slower with the same treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Oa -D grew significantly slower than Pokkali and Oa -VR under 80 and 100 mM.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Oa -De1
- Treatment
- 80 and 100 mMe1
- Outcome
- grewe1
- Direction
- significantly slowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Pokkali and Oa -VR plants displayed the same absolute growth rate under 80 and 100 mM, while Oa -D grew significantly slower with the same treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Oa -VR showed substantially less inhibition of growth under salinity than Oa -D.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Oa -VRe1
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- inhibition of growthe1
- Direction
- substantially lesse1
- Comparator
- Oa -De1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Oa -VR showed substantially less inhibition of growth in response to salinity when compared with Oa -D”
Claim · model-written summary
Senescence was seen in Oa -D after 30 days of 40 mM NaCl treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Oa -De1
- Treatment
- 40 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- Senescencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Senescence was seen in Oa -D after 30 d treatment with 40 mM NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Oa -VR had only minor leaf damage even at higher salt treatments.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Oa -VRe1
- Treatment
- higher salt treatmentse1
- Outcome
- leaf damagee1
- Direction
- only minore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“the putatively salt-tolerant Oa -VR had only minor leaf damage, even at higher salt treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative senescence of Oa -VR increased by less than 40% at 100 mM NaCl; the text gives the comparison as 120% for Oa -VR.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Oa -VRe1
- Treatment
- 100 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- relative senescencee1
- Value
- less than a 40% increasee1
- Qualifier
- compared to 120% for Oa -VRe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“the putatively salt-tolerant Oa -VR had only minor leaf damage, even at higher salt treatments, with less than a 40% increase in relative senescence at 100 mM NaCl compared to 120% for Oa -VR”
Claim · model-written summary
The two screening experiments uncovered striking levels of salt tolerance diversity among Australian wild rice accessions.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“The combination of our two screening experiments uncovered striking levels of salt tolerance diversity among the Australian wild rice accessions tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Image-based phenotyping is a valid tool for quantitative measurement of plant responses to abiotic stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- image-based phenotypinge1
- Qualifier
- quantitative measuremente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“Our results validate image-based phenotyping as a valuable tool for quantitative measurement of plant responses to abiotic stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Exotic germplasm may provide new genetic variation for salinity tolerance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- new genetic variation for salinity tolerancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“They also highlight the potential of exotic germplasm to provide new genetic variation for salinity tolerance in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All genotypes displayed clear responses to salt treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- salt treatmente1
- Outcome
- clear responsese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice plants were grown on soil supplemented with field-relevant concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 100 mM) for 30 d”
e1“All genotypes displayed clear responses to salt treatment”
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