Abstract
In July 2018, unusual fruit and leaf symptoms were observed in numerous greenhouses cultivating tomatoes commercially in the Lower Rhine region of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Foliar symptoms included chlorosis, mosaic with dark green bulges and narrowing (Fig.1). Fruit symptoms consisted of yellow spots, often concentrated around the calyx (Fig. 2) with occasional rugose symptoms rendering the fruits non-marketable (Fig. 3). In total, more than 25 ha of greenhouse tomatoes were affected. Initial investigation by electron microscopy showed the presence of filamentous virus-like particles, later identified as the Chile 2 strain of Pepino mosic virus (PepMV) and, in addition, particles with a tobamovirus-like structure. PepMV Chile 2 preparations are commonly used as inoculum for cross-protection against severe strains of PepMV, whereas infections with tobamoviruses are particularly rare since commercially grown tomato varieties harbour effective resistance genes (e.g. Tm-22). RT-PCR using a primer pair (514 Tobamos1: 5'-GGGAATCAGTTTCAAACRCA-3'; 515 Tobamoas1: 5'-GGGGGGATTCGAACCYCT-3') designed for universal detection of tobamoviruses (unpublished) resulted in amplicons of the expected size, c. 560 bp, for all symptomatic samples. Blastn analysis of the sequenced PCR products revealed 100% nucleotide identity (GenBank Accession Nos. KX619418 and KT383474) to Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), a tobamovirus that was recently found in Jordan (Salem et al., 2) and Israel (Luria et al., 1). The resistance-breaking property of ToBRFV has already been observed by Luria et al. (1) and was cited as the reason for the rapid spread of the virus in Israel, indicating the importance for commercial tomato cultivation worldwide. Total RNA preparations of two samples from Germany (P12-3G, P12-3H) were subjected to Illumina miSeq sequencing, revealing besides PepMV (MK133092 - P12-3G; MK133094 - P12-3H), the genome sequences of ToBRFV isolates (MK133093 - P12-3G; MK133095 - P12-3H) showing 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity to each other. The sequence identities to the isolates from Jordan and Israel were in the same range (99.7-99.8%) which points to a common origin. ToBRFV was isolated from mixed infection with PepMV by passage on Chenopodium murale. The tomato plants subsequently inoculated with C. murale plant sap showed the same leaf symptoms as those originally observed (Fig. 4). The ToBRFV isolate P12-3G was deposited as PV-1236 in the DSMZ Plant Virus Collection. This is the first report of ToBRFV in Europe and outside countries of the Near East.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
This is the first report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Europe and outside countries of the Near East.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- first report of ToBRFVe0
- Setting
- Europee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“This is the first report of ToBRFV in Europe and outside countries of the Near East”
Claim · model-written summary
Unusual fruit and leaf symptoms were observed in numerous commercial tomato greenhouses in the Lower Rhine region of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- unusual fruit and leaf symptomse0
- Setting
- Lower Rhine region of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germanye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“unusual fruit and leaf symptoms were observed in numerous greenhouses cultivating tomatoes commercially in the Lower Rhine region of North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 25 ha of greenhouse tomatoes were affected.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- greenhouse tomatoes were affectede0
- Value
- more than 25 hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“more than 25 ha of greenhouse tomatoes were affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Electron microscopy showed filamentous virus-like particles later identified as Pepino mosaic virus Chile 2 strain and particles with a tobamovirus-like structure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Pepino mosic virus (PepMV)Pepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- tobamovirus
Tobamoviruse0pathogen - Outcome
- presence of filamentous virus-like particlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“Initial investigation by electron microscopy showed the presence of filamentous virus-like particles, later identified as the Chile 2 strain of Pepino mosic virus (PepMV) and, in addition, particles with a tobamovirus-like structure”
Claim · model-written summary
RT-PCR with universal tobamovirus primers gave amplicons of the expected size of about 560 bp for all symptomatic samples.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- amplicons of the expected sizee0
- Value
- c. 560 bpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“resulted in amplicons of the expected size, c. 560 bp, for all symptomatic samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Blastn analysis of the sequenced PCR products revealed 100% nucleotide identity to Tomato brown rugose fruit virus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- nucleotide identitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“revealed 100% nucleotide identity (GenBank Accession Nos. KX619418 and KT383474) to Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)”
Claim · model-written summary
Genome sequences of two German ToBRFV isolates showed 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity to each other.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- nucleotide sequence identitye0
- Value
- 99.6%e0
- Comparator
- each othere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“the genome sequences of ToBRFV isolates (MK133093 - P12-3G; MK133095 - P12-3H) showing 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity to each other”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequence identities of the German isolates to isolates from Jordan and Israel were 99.7-99.8%, pointing to a common origin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- sequence identitiese0
- Value
- 99.7-99.8%e0
- Comparator
- isolates from Jordan and Israele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“The sequence identities to the isolates from Jordan and Israel were in the same range (99.7-99.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
ToBRFV was isolated from a mixed infection with PepMV by passage on Chenopodium murale.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium murale
Chenopodiastrum muralee0 - Interactor
- ToBRFVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- ToBRFV was isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“ToBRFV was isolated from mixed infection with PepMV by passage on Chenopodium murale”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants inoculated with C. murale sap showed the same leaf symptoms as originally observed.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inoculated with C. murale plant sape0
- Outcome
- same leaf symptoms as those originally observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“The tomato plants subsequently inoculated with C. murale plant sap showed the same leaf symptoms as those originally observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The ToBRFV isolate P12-3G was deposited as PV-1236 in the DSMZ Plant Virus Collection.
Verbatim
t0“infecting tomato”
e0“The ToBRFV isolate P12-3G was deposited as PV-1236 in the DSMZ Plant Virus Collection”