Abstract
The use of insecticides is common in pest management in wheat crops but may lead to higher production costs and environmental contamination. Therefore, a more comprehensive and uniform distribution of plant protection products in the desired target is recommended. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different spray nozzles, application rates, and adjuvants on droplet spectrum and spray deposition in wheat crops. The physicochemical characteristics of the spray mixture, droplet spectrum, and spray deposition in wheat plants were evaluated. The lower application rate (75 L ha−1) combined with the use of the twin flat fan tip AS7030 and the adjuvant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) yielded droplets with a larger diameter. However, insecticide spraying using hollow cone tip MGA 015 without adjuvants provided the highest percentage of droplets susceptible to drift. SLES significantly decreased the percentage of drift by increasing droplet size, and the adjuvant silicone, d-limonene, and polyester copolymer increased spray deposition. The evaluated adjuvants increased the electrical conductivity and reduced the surface tension of the spray mixtures. These results indicate that it is possible to reduce the application rate from 150 to 75 L ha−1 without affecting spray deposition on wheat leaves.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
At 75 L ha−1, AS7030 with SLES yielded larger droplets.
- Taxon
- WHEAT
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 75 L ha−1) combined with the use of the twin flat fan tip AS7030 and the adjuvant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLESe0
- Outcome
- droplets with a larger diametere0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower application rate (75 L ha−1) combined with the use of the twin flat fan tip AS7030 and the adjuvant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) yielded droplets with a larger diameter.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Hollow cone MGA 015 without adjuvants gave the highest percentage of drift-susceptible droplets.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hollow cone tip MGA 015 without adjuvantse0
- Outcome
- percentage of droplets susceptible to drifte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, insecticide spraying using hollow cone tip MGA 015 without adjuvants provided the highest percentage of droplets susceptible to drift.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
SLES significantly decreased drift percentage by increasing droplet size.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SLESe0
- Outcome
- percentage of drifte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- increasing droplet sizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SLES significantly decreased the percentage of drift by increasing droplet size, and the adjuvant silicone, d-limonene, and polyester copolymer increased spray deposition.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicone increased spray deposition.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- siliconee0
- Outcome
- spray depositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adjuvant silicone, d-limonene, and polyester copolymer increased spray deposition.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
d-limonene increased spray deposition.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- d-limonenee0
- Outcome
- spray depositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adjuvant silicone, d-limonene, and polyester copolymer increased spray deposition.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyester copolymer increased spray deposition.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- polyester copolymere0
- Outcome
- spray depositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adjuvant silicone, d-limonene, and polyester copolymer increased spray deposition.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
The evaluated adjuvants increased spray mixture electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- evaluated adjuvantse0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The evaluated adjuvants increased the electrical conductivity and reduced the surface tension of the spray mixtures.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
The evaluated adjuvants reduced spray mixture surface tension.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- evaluated adjuvantse0
- Outcome
- surface tensione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The evaluated adjuvants increased the electrical conductivity and reduced the surface tension of the spray mixtures.”
t0“WHEAT CROPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing application rate from 150 to 75 L ha−1 need not affect deposition on wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- reduce the application rate from 150 to 75 L ha−1 without affecting spray deposition on wheat leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results indicate that it is possible to reduce the application rate from 150 to 75 L ha−1 without affecting spray deposition on wheat leaves.”
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