Abstract
This study examined the three major alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine, and canadine) in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes in relation to plant colony and harvest stage. Goldenseal colonies in central Pennsylvania, USA, were sampled on four dates (July 2, August 7, September 8, and October 12) corresponding with observable phenological stages between fruit maturity and senescence. Variation was observed for all three alkaloids with berberine and hydrastine present in all colonies and samples, while canadine was not detected during some late season sample dates. Nineteen root samples (53%) met the established United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards for berberine content, while only one sample (2.8%) met USP standards for hydrastine. All colonies and samples showed an increase in alkaloid levels at the time of senescence, which corroborated the industry guidance that rhizomes/roots should be harvested at senescence (typically during the Fall season). Harvesting at senescence also permits fruit to mature and thereby facilitates sexual reproduction. However, alkaloid levels averaged the second highest at fruit maturity (July 2) which suggested that alkaloids may fluctuate during the growing season in response to, or as a function of, key reproductive events.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloid levels increased in all colonies and samples at senescence.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensis
Hydrastis canadensise0 - Organ / stage
- roots and rhizomese0
- Outcome
- alkaloid levelse2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Setting
- central Pennsylvania, USAe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e1“Goldenseal colonies in central Pennsylvania, USA”
e2“All colonies and samples showed an increase in alkaloid levels at the time of senescence”
Claim · model-written summary
Berberine and hydrastine were present in all colonies and samples.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Outcome
- berberine and hydrastine presente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e3“berberine and hydrastine present in all colonies and samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Canadine was not detected during some late season sample dates.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Outcome
- canadine was not detectede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e4“canadine was not detected during some late season sample dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Nineteen root samples (53%) met USP standards for berberine content.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Outcome
- met the established United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards for berberine contente5
- Value
- 53%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e5“Nineteen root samples (53%) met the established United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards for berberine content”
Claim · model-written summary
Only one sample (2.8%) met USP standards for hydrastine.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Outcome
- met USP standards for hydrastinee6
- Value
- 2.8%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e6“only one sample (2.8%) met USP standards for hydrastine”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizomes/roots should be harvested at senescence.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Outcome
- rhizomes/roots should be harvested at senescencee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e7“rhizomes/roots should be harvested at senescence (typically during the Fall season)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloid levels averaged the second highest at fruit maturity (July 2).
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Organ / stage
- fruit maturitye1
- Outcome
- alkaloid levelse1
- Direction
- averaged the second higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e1“alkaloid levels averaged the second highest at fruit maturity (July 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids may fluctuate during the growing season in response to key reproductive events.
- Taxon
- Hydrastis canadensisHydrastis canadensise0
- Treatment
- key reproductive eventse1
- Outcome
- alkaloids may fluctuate during the growing seasone1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in wild goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) roots and rhizomes”
e1“alkaloids may fluctuate during the growing season in response to, or as a function of, key reproductive events”