Abstract
Plant pathogens employ diverse secreted effector proteins to manipulate host physiology and defense in order to foster diseases. The destructive Phytophthora pathogens encode hundreds of cytoplasmic effectors, which are believed to function inside the plant cells. Many of these cytoplasmic effectors contain the conserved N-terminal RXLR motif. Understanding the virulence function of RXLR effectors will provide important knowledge of Phytophthora pathogenesis. Here, we report the characterization of RXLR effector PcAvh1 from the broad–host range pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Only expressed during infection, PcAvh1 is quickly induced at the early infection stages. CRISPR/Cas9-knockout of PcAvh1 in P. capsici severely impairs virulence while overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana and bell pepper, demonstrating that PcAvh1 is an essential virulence factor. Ectopic expression of PcAvh1 induces cell death in N. benthamiana, tomato, and bell pepper. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that PcAvh1 interacts with the scaffolding subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) in plant cells. Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana attenuates resistance to P. capsici and results in dwarfism, suggesting that PP2Aa regulates plant immunity and growth. Collectively, these results suggest that PcAvh1 contributes to P. capsici infection, probably through its interaction with host PP2Aa.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PcAvh1 severely impairs the virulence of Phytophthora capsici.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- CRISPR/Cas9-knockout of PcAvh1e1
- Interactor
- P. capsici
.jpg?width=60)
Phytophthora capsicie1pathogen - Gene
- PcAvh1e1
- Outcome
- virulencee1
- Direction
- impairse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“CRISPR/Cas9-knockout of PcAvh1 in P. capsici severely impairs virulence”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of PcAvh1 enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana and bell pepper.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Treatment
- overexpressione2
- Outcome
- disease developmente2
- Direction
- enhancese2
- Qualifier
- bell peppere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana and bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic expression of PcAvh1 induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato and bell pepper.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae3
- Treatment
- Ectopic expression of PcAvh1e3
- Gene
- PcAvh1e3
- Outcome
- cell deathe3
- Direction
- inducese3
- Qualifier
- tomato, and bell peppere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Ectopic expression of PcAvh1 induces cell death in N. benthamiana, tomato, and bell pepper”
Claim · model-written summary
PcAvh1 is quickly induced at the early infection stages.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Organ / stage
- early infection stagese4
- Gene
- PcAvh1e4
- Outcome
- expressede4
- Direction
- inducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e4“Only expressed during infection, PcAvh1 is quickly induced at the early infection stages”
Claim · model-written summary
PcAvh1 interacts with the scaffolding subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) in plant cells.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Gene
- PP2Aae5
- Outcome
- interacts with the scaffolding subunite5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e5“PcAvh1 interacts with the scaffolding subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) in plant cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa attenuates resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae6
- Treatment
- Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aae6
- Interactor
- P. capsiciPhytophthora capsicie6pathogen
- Gene
- PP2Aae6
- Outcome
- resistancee6
- Direction
- attenuatese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana attenuates resistance to P. capsici and results in dwarfism”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa results in dwarfism of Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae6
- Treatment
- Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aae6
- Gene
- PP2Aae6
- Outcome
- dwarfisme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana attenuates resistance to P. capsici and results in dwarfism”
Claim · model-written summary
PP2Aa regulates plant immunity and growth.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Gene
- PP2Aae7
- Outcome
- plant immunity and growthe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Virus-induced gene silencing of PP2Aa in N. benthamiana”
e7“suggesting that PP2Aa regulates plant immunity and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PcAvh1 probably contributes to Phytophthora capsici infection through its interaction with host PP2Aa.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Gene
- PcAvh1e1
- Outcome
- P. capsici infectione1
- Qualifier
- probably through its interaction with host PP2Aae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression enhances disease development in Nicotiana benthamiana”
e1“PcAvh1 contributes to P. capsici infection, probably through its interaction with host PP2Aa”
The same questions in other papers
overexpression · cytology · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →loss of function · Phytophthora capsici · Nicotiana benthamianaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.