Abstract
Nitrogen plays a crucial role in synthesis of amino acids and proteins, plant growth, chlorophyll formation, leaf photosynthesis, and yield development of lettuce. Generally, organic farmers use composted manure, legume cover crops, and off-farm fertilizers such as fish emulsion to meet the nitrogen (N) demand of crops. However, the nutrient composition of off-farm fertilizers such as composted manure and fish emulsion varies widely depending on animal species and often have higher transportation costs. Therefore, an evaluation of the application of cyanobacteria in comparison to the commonly-used organic fertilizers was conducted as an alternative potential N biofertilizer. The laboratory soil incubation and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of N availability from potentially mineralizable N on different types of soil textures. Then, a greenhouse study was conducted to assess the effect of N availability from cyanobacterial fertilizers compared to the commonly-used organic fertilizers on lettuce growth, fertilizer recovery and lettuce root response on N use efficiency. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a shallow-rooted crop and requires an extensive amount of N fertilizer to produce yield. The aims of the soil incubation study were to determine the rates of mineralization for different organic fertilizers, influence of soil texture on N mineralization, and to evaluate changes in soil microbial biomass from fertilizer application to sandy and clayey soils. In this study, N mineralization potential of cyanobacterial fertilizers were compared with traditional organic fertilizers in two soils with contrasting textures in a laboratory incubation study at constant temperature (25 degrees C) and moisture content (60% water-filled pore space) for 140 days. Soils were destructively sampled over the course of 140 days and analyzed for NH4+-N, and NO3--N, soil microbial biomass C, soil organic C, and soil total C and N. In both soils, soil NH4+-N was the highest at day 56 and decreased from day 56 to 140 due to its conversion to soil NO3--N. Compost treatment significantly increased soil microbial biomass C (207.5 mg C kg-1 soil) compared to fish emulsion (115.42 mg C kg-1 soil) in sandy soil. The N availability was 9% greater from fish emulsion than liquid cyanobacteria, and 6% greater from solid cyanobacteria than compost in sandy soil. The fish emulsion treatment showed 5% higher N availability compared to the solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers. In the greenhouse study, percentage fertilizer recovery (PFR) was quantified to assess the efficiency of N uptake by lettuce to produce yield. A greenhouse study was conducted for 63 days to evaluate cyanobacterial and traditional organic fertilizers application on lettuce N response. Total leaf area, fresh yield, leaf dry weight, and leaf total N content were measured at the end of the greenhouse study. Total N uptake in lettuce tissue and PFR were calculated based on the analyses results. Soil applied fish emulsion recorded significantly higher fresh yield at 112 kg N ha-1 (147 g) compared to 56 kg N ha-1 (117 g) in clayey soil relative to sandy soil. Soil-applied liquid cyanobacteria recorded significantly higher yield compared to composted manure by 58%. Solid cyanobacteria recorded significantly higher total N uptake at 56 kg N ha-1 compared to 112 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil. In conclusion, soil applied fish emulsion treatment recorded higher PFR (99%) than soil applied composted manure (44%) at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil. Soil applied fish emulsion has significantly higher PFR (57%) compared to the combination soil and foliar fertilizer (FFCom and FLScyb) at 56 kg N ha-1 in sandy soil. Nitrogen is also acquired from the soil by the plant roots. In the greenhouse study, root response to N fertilization was assessed to determine the efficiency of N uptake by lettuce to produce yield. A greenhouse study was conducted for 63 days to evaluate cyanobacterial and traditional organic fertilizers application on lettuce root response. Root: shoot ratio, root dry weight, root surface area, and root length density were measured at the end of the greenhouse study. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was calculated based on the analyses results. There was no significant difference observed in root dry weight. The composted manure (Com) treatment recorded significantly higher root: shoot ratio at 56 kg N ha-1 while foliar and soil applied liquid cyanobacteria (FLScyb) treatment recorded lower root: shoot ratio at 112 kg N ha-1. The foliar applied fish emulsion and soil applied composted manure (FFCom) treatment recorded the highest root surface area compared to other treatments at 112 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil . The FLScyb treatment recorded higher root surface area compared to the Com treatment at 112 kg N ha-1 on sandy soil. The fish emulsion (Fish) treatment recorded higher root length density at 112 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil while FLSCyb recorded higher root length density on sandy soil at 112 kg N ha-1 compared to the Fish and solid cyanobacteria (Scyb) treatments. In conclusion, the Fish treatment recorded 35 % higher NUE at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil while Scyb treatment has significantly 24% higher NUE compared to Com treatment at 56 kg N ha-1 in sandy soil. Overall, the soil applied fish emulsion treatment recorded higher percentage fertilizer recovery and NUE compared to the solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil. However, the combined soil and foliar cyanobacterial fertilizer and soil applied solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers recorded higher percentage fertilizer recovery and NUE at 56 kg N ha-1 compared to the composted manure which correspond to lettuce yield component which was higher in fish emulsion compared to the composted manure.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion provided 9% more nitrogen availability than liquid cyanobacteria in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- N availabilitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- liquid cyanobacteriae0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N availability was 9% greater from fish emulsion than liquid cyanobacteria, and 6% greater from solid cyanobacteria than compost in sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Solid cyanobacteria provided 6% more nitrogen availability than compost in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- solid cyanobacteriae0
- Outcome
- N availabilitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Comparator
- composte0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N availability was 9% greater from fish emulsion than liquid cyanobacteria, and 6% greater from solid cyanobacteria than compost in sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion yielded 5% higher nitrogen availability than solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- N availabilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Comparator
- solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fish emulsion treatment showed 5% higher N availability compared to the solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion at 112 kg N ha-1 produced significantly higher lettuce fresh yield than at 56 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- fresh yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 147 ge0
- Qualifier
- 117 ge0
- Comparator
- 56 kg N ha-1e0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil applied fish emulsion recorded significantly higher fresh yield at 112 kg N ha-1 (147 g) compared to 56 kg N ha-1 (117 g) in clayey soil relative to sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied liquid cyanobacteria produced 58% higher lettuce yield than composted manure.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Soil-applied liquid cyanobacteriae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 58%e0
- Comparator
- composted manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil-applied liquid cyanobacteria recorded significantly higher yield compared to composted manure by 58%”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Solid cyanobacteria produced significantly higher lettuce nitrogen uptake at 56 than at 112 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Solid cyanobacteriae0
- Outcome
- total N uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 112 kg N ha-1e0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solid cyanobacteria recorded significantly higher total N uptake at 56 kg N ha-1 compared to 112 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion gave 99% fertilizer recovery versus 44% for composted manure at 56 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- soil applied fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- PFRe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 99%e0
- Qualifier
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- soil applied composted manuree0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil applied fish emulsion treatment recorded higher PFR (99%) than soil applied composted manure (44%) at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion produced significantly higher fertilizer recovery than combined soil and foliar fertilizer at 56 kg N ha-1 in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- soil applied fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- PFRe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- combination soil and foliar fertilizer (FFCom and FLScyb)e0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil applied fish emulsion has significantly higher PFR (57%) compared to the combination soil and foliar fertilizer (FFCom and FLScyb) at 56 kg N ha-1 in sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce root dry weight did not differ significantly among fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference observed in root dry weight”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Composted manure at 56 kg N ha-1 gave a significantly higher lettuce root-to-shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- composted manure (Com)e0
- Outcome
- root: shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The composted manure (Com) treatment recorded significantly higher root: shoot ratio at 56 kg N ha-1 while foliar and soil applied liquid cyanobacteria (FLScyb) treatment recorded lower root: shoot ratio at 112 kg N ha-1”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and soil-applied liquid cyanobacteria at 112 kg N ha-1 gave a lower lettuce root-to-shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar and soil applied liquid cyanobacteria (FLScyb)e0
- Outcome
- root: shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar and soil applied liquid cyanobacteria (FLScyb) treatment recorded lower root: shoot ratio at 112 kg N ha-1”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fish emulsion plus soil composted manure produced the highest root surface area at 112 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar applied fish emulsion and soil applied composted manure (FFCom)e0
- Outcome
- root surface areae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar applied fish emulsion and soil applied composted manure (FFCom) treatment recorded the highest root surface area compared to other treatments at 112 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and soil liquid cyanobacteria produced higher root surface area than compost in sandy soil at 112 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- FLScybe0
- Outcome
- root surface areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Come0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FLScyb treatment recorded higher root surface area compared to the Com treatment at 112 kg N ha-1 on sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion produced higher root length density at 112 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- fish emulsion (Fish)e0
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fish emulsion (Fish) treatment recorded higher root length density at 112 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar and soil liquid cyanobacteria produced higher root length density than fish emulsion and solid cyanobacteria in sandy soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- FLSCybe0
- Outcome
- root length densitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Fish and solid cyanobacteria (Scyb) treatmentse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FLSCyb recorded higher root length density on sandy soil at 112 kg N ha-1 compared to the Fish and solid cyanobacteria (Scyb) treatments”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Fish emulsion recorded 35% higher lettuce nitrogen use efficiency at 56 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Fishe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35 %e0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fish treatment recorded 35 % higher NUE at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Solid cyanobacteria produced significantly 24% higher nitrogen use efficiency than compost in sandy soil at 56 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Scybe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- Come0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scyb treatment has significantly 24% higher NUE compared to Com treatment at 56 kg N ha-1 in sandy soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fish emulsion gave higher fertilizer recovery and nitrogen use efficiency than solid and liquid cyanobacteria at 56 kg N ha-1 in clayey soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- soil applied fish emulsione0
- Outcome
- percentage fertilizer recovery and NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizerse0
- Setting
- clayey soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil applied fish emulsion treatment recorded higher percentage fertilizer recovery and NUE compared to the solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers at 56 kg N ha-1 on clayey soil”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil and foliar cyanobacteria gave higher fertilizer recovery and nitrogen use efficiency than composted manure at 56 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- combined soil and foliar cyanobacterial fertilizere0
- Outcome
- percentage fertilizer recovery and NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- composted manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined soil and foliar cyanobacterial fertilizer and soil applied solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers recorded higher percentage fertilizer recovery and NUE at 56 kg N ha-1 compared to the composted manure”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-applied solid and liquid cyanobacteria gave higher fertilizer recovery and nitrogen use efficiency than composted manure at 56 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- soil applied solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- percentage fertilizer recovery and NUEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- composted manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil applied solid and liquid cyanobacterial fertilizers recorded higher percentage fertilizer recovery and NUE at 56 kg N ha-1 compared to the composted manure”
t0“lettuce”
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