Abstract
To verify how different growing environments affect the aroma quality and production yield of fragrant rice, two commercial Thai fragrant rice cultivars, Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) and Pathum Thani 1 (PTT 1) were grown in a greenhouse and also open air. Between the two growing environments, the temperature difference averaged 6 C. Each rice cultivar was grown in clay loam and sandy loam soils. In addition, a water stress treatment was applied at the beginning of the grain filling stage and onward. Determination of 2-acetyl-1pyrroline (2AP) in both rice leaves and grain was accomplished using automated headspace-gas chromatography with selective nitrogen/phosphorus detection. The results showed that throughout all growth stages the rice leaf 2AP content was different for both rice cultivars depending on the soil type. The KDML 105 cultivar had higher 2AP content in clay loam soil compared to PTT 1. A reverse trend was observed in the sandy loam soil. The grain 2AP content and grain yield of both rice cultivars were lower for those plants grown in the greenhouse condition. The water stress treatment led to higher 2AP content in both the leaves and grain of the two rice cultivars, which averaged 19% higher for rice leaves and 22% higher for rice grain. However, the water stress treatment dramatically decreased grain yield for all growing conditions. The interaction effects of these environmental factors were analysed using a full-factorial design. The interaction between rice cultivar temperature had the strongest effect on the 2AP content, whereas rice cultivar soil type greatly affected rice grain yield.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf 2AP content differed by soil type in both cultivars across growth stages.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- 2AP contente0
- Direction
- differente0
- Setting
- soil typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“throughout all growth stages the rice leaf 2AP content was different for both rice cultivars depending on the soil type”
Claim · model-written summary
KDML 105 had higher 2AP than PTT 1 in clay loam.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KDML 105e0
- Outcome
- 2AP contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- PTT 1e0
- Setting
- clay loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The KDML 105 cultivar had higher 2AP content in clay loam soil compared to PTT 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PTT 1 had higher 2AP than KDML 105 in sandy loam.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- PTT 1e1
- Outcome
- 2AP contente1
- Direction
- reverse trende0
- Comparator
- KDML 105e1
- Setting
- sandy loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A reverse trend was observed in the sandy loam soil”
e1“The KDML 105 cultivar had higher 2AP content in clay loam soil compared to PTT 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse conditions lowered grain 2AP content in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- greenhouse conditione0
- Outcome
- grain 2AP contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain 2AP content and grain yield of both rice cultivars were lower for those plants grown in the greenhouse condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse conditions lowered grain yield in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- greenhouse conditione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain 2AP content and grain yield of both rice cultivars were lower for those plants grown in the greenhouse condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress raised leaf 2AP content by an average of 19%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- water stress treatmente0
- Outcome
- 2AP contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water stress treatment led to higher 2AP content in both the leaves and grain of the two rice cultivars, which averaged 19% higher for rice leaves and 22% higher for rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress raised grain 2AP content by an average of 22%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- water stress treatmente0
- Outcome
- 2AP contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water stress treatment led to higher 2AP content in both the leaves and grain of the two rice cultivars, which averaged 19% higher for rice leaves and 22% higher for rice grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased grain yield across all growing conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water stress treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- all growing conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the water stress treatment dramatically decreased grain yield for all growing conditions”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar by temperature interaction had the strongest effect on 2AP content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- rice cultivare0
- Outcome
- 2AP contente0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between rice cultivar temperature had the strongest effect on the 2AP content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar by soil interaction greatly affected grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- rice cultivare0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Setting
- soil typee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice cultivar soil type greatly affected rice grain yield”
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