Abstract
Many benefits of Trichoderma inoculation for improving crop production have been documented, including growth and yield enhancement and the alleviation of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, because rice is usually cultivated under continuous flooding that creates anaerobic soil conditions, this limits the benefits of these beneficial fungi. Cultivating rice with the methods of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) provides rice plants with a more favorable environment for their colonization by beneficial microbes in the soil because the soil is more aerobic under SRI management and contains more organic matter. This study evaluated the effects of Trichoderma inoculation of rice plants under SRI management compared with transplanted and flooded rice plants, considering also the effects of different means of fertilization and different varieties in rice. Experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 under the tropical climate of Nepal’s western terai (plains) during both the rainy season (July to November) and the dry season (March to July). The results indicated significantly better performance ( P = 0.01) associated with Trichoderma inoculation for both seasons and for both systems of crop management in terms of grain yield and other growth-contributing factors, compared to non-inoculated rice cropping. Relatively higher effects on grain yield were recorded also with organic compared to inorganic fertilization; for unimproved (heirloom) varieties compared with improved varieties; and from SRI vs. conventional flooded crop management. The yield increase with Trichoderma treatments across all trials was 31% higher than in untreated plots (4.9 vs 4.5 mt ha −1 ). With Trichoderma treatment, yields compared with non-treated plots were 24% higher with organic SRI (6.38 vs 5.13 mt ha −1 ) and 52% higher with non-organic SRI (6.38 vs 3.53 mt ha −1 ). With regard to varietal differences, under SRI management Trichoderma inoculation of the improved variety Sukhadhan-3 led to 26% higher yield (6.35 vs 5.04 mt ha −1 ), and with the heirloom variety Tilkidhan, yield was 41% higher (6.29 vs 4.45 mt ha −1 ). Economic analysis indicated that expanding the organic cultivation of local landraces under SRI management should be profitable for farmers where such rice has a good market price due to its premium quality and high demand and when SRI enhances yield. These varieties’ present low yields can be significantly increased by integrating Trichoderma bio-inoculation with SRI cultural methods. Other recent research has shown that such inoculation can be managed profitably by farmers themselves.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inoculation significantly improved rice grain yield in both seasons and management systems.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated rice croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly better performance ( P = 0.01) associated with Trichoderma inoculation for both seasons and for both systems of crop management in terms of grain yield and other growth-contributing factors, compared to non-inoculated rice cropping”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma inoculation significantly improved rice growth contributing factors in both systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- other growth-contributing factorse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated rice croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly better performance ( P = 0.01) associated with Trichoderma inoculation for both seasons and for both systems of crop management in terms of grain yield and other growth-contributing factors, compared to non-inoculated rice cropping”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilization produced relatively higher grain-yield effects than inorganic fertilization.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organice0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relatively higher effects on grain yield were recorded also with organic compared to inorganic fertilization”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Heirloom varieties showed higher grain-yield effects than improved varieties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- unimproved (heirloom) varietiese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- improved varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relatively higher effects on grain yield were recorded also with organic compared to inorganic fertilization; for unimproved (heirloom) varieties compared with improved varieties”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI management gave higher grain-yield effects than conventional flooded management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional flooded crop managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relatively higher effects on grain yield were recorded also with organic compared to inorganic fertilization; for unimproved (heirloom) varieties compared with improved varieties; and from SRI vs. conventional flooded crop management”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma treatment increased rice yield across trials by 31%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma treatmentse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield increase with Trichoderma treatments across all trials was 31% higher than in untreated plots (4.9 vs 4.5 mt ha −1 )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under organic SRI, Trichoderma treatment increased rice yield 24%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma treatmente0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Qualifier
- organic SRIe0
- Comparator
- non-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Trichoderma treatment, yields compared with non-treated plots were 24% higher with organic SRI (6.38 vs 5.13 mt ha −1 )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under non-organic SRI, Trichoderma treatment increased rice yield 52%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma treatmente0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Qualifier
- non-organic SRIe0
- Comparator
- non-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Trichoderma treatment, yields compared with non-treated plots were 24% higher with organic SRI (6.38 vs 5.13 mt ha −1 ) and 52% higher with non-organic SRI (6.38 vs 3.53 mt ha −1 )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under SRI, Trichoderma inoculation increased Sukhadhan-3 yield by 26%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Sukhadhan-3e0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under SRI management Trichoderma inoculation of the improved variety Sukhadhan-3 led to 26% higher yield (6.35 vs 5.04 mt ha −1 )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under SRI, Trichoderma inoculation increased Tilkidhan yield by 41%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Tilkidhane0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma inoculatione0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 41%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under SRI management Trichoderma inoculation of the improved variety Sukhadhan-3 led to 26% higher yield (6.35 vs 5.04 mt ha −1 ), and with the heirloom variety Tilkidhan, yield was 41% higher (6.29 vs 4.45 mt ha −1 )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic cultivation of local rice landraces under SRI should be profitable where prices are favorable and yields increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- expanding the organic cultivation of local landraces under SRI managemente0
- Qualifier
- where such rice has a good market price due to its premium quality and high demand and when SRI enhances yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expanding the organic cultivation of local landraces under SRI management should be profitable for farmers where such rice has a good market price due to its premium quality and high demand and when SRI enhances yield”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrating Trichoderma inoculation with SRI can significantly increase the currently low yield of these rice varieties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrating Trichoderma bio-inoculation with SRI cultural methodse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These varieties’ present low yields can be significantly increased by integrating Trichoderma bio-inoculation with SRI cultural methods”
t0“rice”
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