Abstract
Core Ideas Net income from relay cropping was rarely different from that of mono‐cropping. A 25‐cm oilseed row spacing was likely too narrow for optimal soybean growth. Further domestication of oilseeds will likely improve relay cropping with soybean. ABSTRACT Cover crops can serve as a valuable management tool for improving soil and water quality, but are an added expense for farmers. We evaluated the yields and economics of four cover crops and two winter fallow treatments in a spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation at three sites in Minnesota. The four cover crop treatments were winter rye ( Secale cereal L.), forage radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), winter camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], and pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense L.) planted into spring wheat stubble. The fallow treatments consisted of no‐tilled and conventionally tilled soil. Radish winterkilled and rye was terminated chemically before planting soybean in early May. Soybean was inter‐seeded between rows of camelina and pennycress at the same time it was planted in other treatments. Camelina and pennycress were harvested over soybean seedlings in late June. Camelina yields ranged from 600 to 1100 kg ha −1 , while pennycress ranged from 900 to 1550 kg ha −1 . Mono‐cropped soybean averaged 1819, 3510, and 4180 kg ha −1 in northern, central, and southern Minnesota, respectively. Soybean seedlings under oilseed cover crop canopies exhibited light‐stress, which likely reduced soybean yield in these treatments by 22 to 30%. When oilseed and inter‐seeded soybean yields were combined, total seed yields generally were equal to or exceeded those of mono‐cropped soybean. In addition, net income for inter‐seeded systems was typically equivalent to mono‐cropped soybean. Improvements in net income are likely needed before the benefits of oilseed cover crops are fully realized.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Camelina yielded 600 to 1100 kg per hectare.
CamelinaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Camelina yields ranged from 600 to 1100 kg ha −1”
e1“three sites in Minnesota”
Claim · model-written summary
Pennycress yielded 900 to 1550 kg per hectare.
Verbatim
e0“pennycress ranged from 900 to 1550 kg ha −1”
e1“Camelina yields ranged from 600 to 1100 kg ha −1”
e2“three sites in Minnesota”
Claim · model-written summary
Mono-cropped soybean averaged 1819 kg per hectare in northern Minnesota.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Outcome
- averagede0
- Value
- 1819e0
- Setting
- northerne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mono‐cropped soybean averaged 1819, 3510, and 4180 kg ha −1 in northern, central, and southern Minnesota, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mono-cropped soybean averaged 3510 kg per hectare in central Minnesota.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- averagede0
- Value
- 3510e0
- Setting
- centrale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mono‐cropped soybean averaged 1819, 3510, and 4180 kg ha −1 in northern, central, and southern Minnesota, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mono-cropped soybean averaged 4180 kg per hectare in southern Minnesota.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- averagede0
- Value
- 4180 kg ha −1e0
- Setting
- southern Minnesotae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mono‐cropped soybean averaged 1819, 3510, and 4180 kg ha −1 in northern, central, and southern Minnesota, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed cover crop canopies caused light stress in soybean seedlings.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Outcome
- light‐stresse0
- Qualifier
- under oilseed cover crop canopiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seedlings under oilseed cover crop canopies exhibited light‐stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed cover crop treatments likely reduced soybean yield by 22 to 30%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- oilseed cover crop canopiese1
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22 to 30%e0
- Comparator
- Mono‐cropped soybeane2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which likely reduced soybean yield in these treatments by 22 to 30%”
e1“Soybean seedlings under oilseed cover crop canopies exhibited light‐stress”
e2“Mono‐cropped soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined oilseed and inter-seeded soybean seed yields generally equaled or exceeded mono-cropped soybean yields.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- total seed yieldse0
- Direction
- equal to or exceedede0
- Comparator
- mono‐cropped soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When oilseed and inter‐seeded soybean yields were combined, total seed yields generally were equal to or exceeded those of mono‐cropped soybean.”
Claim · model-written summary
Net income in inter-seeded systems was typically equivalent to mono-cropped soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Comparator
- mono‐cropped soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net income for inter‐seeded systems was typically equivalent to mono‐cropped soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered 25-cm oilseed row spacing likely too narrow for optimal soybean growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- oilseed row spacing was likely too narrow for optimal soybean growthe0
- Value
- 25‐cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 25‐cm oilseed row spacing was likely too narrow for optimal soybean growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors expected further oilseed domestication to improve soybean relay cropping.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- Further domestication of oilseeds will likely improve relay cropping with soybeane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further domestication of oilseeds will likely improve relay cropping with soybean.”
The same questions in other papers
cover crop · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
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