Abstract
Two developments have enabled us to realistically estimate N, fixation and N credits from legume crops across the prairies: one is computerized processing of Statistics Canada’s Census of Agriculture crop data by Soil Climatic Zones (SCZ) rather than provincial borders; the other is availability of reliable field 15N data on N fixation (% Ndfa) for various legumes and on partitioning of N (PTN) into harvested and residual parts. Total N fixation for each legume and SCZ was computed on the basis of crop area and SCZ average yields, adjusted for abnormal precipitation, and then multiplied with crop-specific Ndfa and PTN factors. Future legume cropping and N gains were 'guesstimated' according to the most likely crop sequences for various SCZs to be in use by the year 2005. Bctwcen 1991 and 1994 legume hcctaragc increased 69%, due mainly to more pulse cropping, to a total of 2.4 million and is expected to reach 5.5 million by 2005. Dcspitc the increased pulse cropping, 85% of total N fixation in 1994 occurred still in the northern parklands and was overwhelmingly due to forage legumes. The average fixation rate was 104 kg/ha and the total 250 million kg N fixed is equal to 24% of all fertilizer N used in 1994 on 25 million ha of Prairie cropland. In comparison with recent fertilizer N costs the present legume N fixation can be valued at $220 million. Total N credit for 1994 was calculated to be 62 million kg N which is equal to 1/4 of total N fixation and suggests an average net gain of 26 kg N/ha of legume crop, although these amounts vary widely with legume type. Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes. Through combination of the N credit effect with crop substitution and ‘rotation’ effects, the inclusion of forage, grain or green manure legumes in rotations can effect substantial energy savings for Prairie cropping systems. With continued expansion of legume crops and partial adoption of fallow replacement green manuring, N fixation is projected to total around 550 million kg N by 2005 with a residual N credit of about 190 million kg, indicating an average net gain of 35 kg N/ha. The N gains from legume cropping are forecast to provide most of the N required for reasonable yields by a following cereal or oilseed crop.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Legume hectarage increased 69% between 1991 and 1994, mainly through more pulse cropping.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
t1“major Soil Zones of the prairies”
e1“Bctwcen 1991 and 1994 legume hcctaragc increased 69%”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume hectarage totalled 2.4 million in 1994.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e1“Bctwcen 1991 and 1994 legume hcctaragc increased 69%”
e2“to a total of 2.4 million”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume hectarage is expected to reach 5.5 million by 2005.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e1“Bctwcen 1991 and 1994 legume hcctaragc increased 69%”
e3“is expected to reach 5.5 million by 2005”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage legumes accounted for 85% of total N fixation in 1994, which occurred mainly in the northern parklands.
Verbatim
e4“85% of total N fixation in 1994 occurred still in the northern parklands and was overwhelmingly due to forage legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
The average N fixation rate of legumes was 104 kg/ha.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e5“The average fixation rate was 104 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Total legume N fixation in 1994 was 250 million kg N.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e6“the total 250 million kg N fixed is equal to 24% of all fertilizer N used in 1994”
Claim · model-written summary
Total legume N fixation in 1994 equalled 24% of all fertilizer N used that year.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e6“the total 250 million kg N fixed is equal to 24% of all fertilizer N used in 1994”
Claim · model-written summary
Present legume N fixation can be valued at $220 million, compared with recent fertilizer N costs.
Verbatim
e7“In comparison with recent fertilizer N costs the present legume N fixation can be valued at $220 million”
Claim · model-written summary
Total N credit for 1994 was 62 million kg N.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e0“Total N credit for 1994 was calculated to be 62 million kg N which is equal to 1/4 of total N fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Total N credit for 1994 equalled one quarter of total N fixation.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e0“Total N credit for 1994 was calculated to be 62 million kg N which is equal to 1/4 of total N fixation”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume crops gave an average net N gain of 26 kg N/ha, although the amounts vary widely with legume type.
Verbatim
e1“suggests an average net gain of 26 kg N/ha of legume crop, although these amounts vary widely with legume type”
Claim · model-written summary
Colored beans had the lowest N credit estimate, 0 kg N/ha.
Verbatim
e2“Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Lentils had an N credit estimate of 9.4.
- Taxon
- lentils
Lens culinarise2 - Outcome
- N credit estimatese2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 9.4e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Peas had an N credit estimate of 18.1.
- Taxon
- peas
Lathyrus oleraceuse2 - Outcome
- N credit estimatese2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- 18.1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage hay legumes had an N credit estimate of 36.4.
Verbatim
e2“Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Forage seed legumes had the highest N credit estimate, 65.4 kg N/ha.
Verbatim
e2“Our N credit estimates ranged from a low of 0 kg N/ha for colored beans, to 9.4 for lentils, 18.1 for peas, 36.4 for forage hay legumes and a high of 65.4 kg N/ha for forage seed legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Including forage, grain or green manure legumes in rotations can give substantial energy savings for Prairie cropping systems.
Verbatim
t0“nitrogen gains from legumes”
e3“the inclusion of forage, grain or green manure legumes in rotations can effect substantial energy savings for Prairie cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume N fixation is projected to total about 550 million kg N by 2005.
Verbatim
e4“N fixation is projected to total around 550 million kg N by 2005”
e5“With continued expansion of legume crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume residual N credit is projected at about 190 million kg by 2005.
Verbatim
e4“N fixation is projected to total around 550 million kg N by 2005 with a residual N credit of about 190 million kg”
e5“With continued expansion of legume crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume crops are projected to give an average net N gain of 35 kg N/ha by 2005.
Verbatim
e4“indicating an average net gain of 35 kg N/ha”
e5“With continued expansion of legume crops”