Abstract
The Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis has been proposed as a promising technique for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils due to its beneficial activity in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, numerous studies have shown that excessive heavy metals reduce the efficiency of symbiotic nodulation with Rhizobium and inhibit plant growth. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of IAA-producing bacteria and Rhizobium on Medicago lupulina growth under Cu and Zn stress. Pot experiments showed that 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + greatly inhibited plant growth, but dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286 significantly increased the number of nodules and plant biomass by enhancing antioxidant activities. Under double stress of 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + , the nodule number and nitrogenase activities of dual-inoculated plants were 48.5% and 154.4% higher, respectively, than those of plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti . The root and above-ground portion lengths of the dual-inoculated plants were 32.6% and 14.1% greater, respectively, than those of the control, while the root and above-ground portion dry weights were 34.3% and 32.2% greater, respectively, than those of the control. Compared with S. meliloti and A. tumefaciens single inoculation, coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% and 47.5% and increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% and 44.2%, respectively, under double metal stress conditions. Therefore, coinoculation with Sinorhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens enhances metal phytoextraction by increasing plant growth and antioxidant activities under Cu/Zn stress, which provides a new approach for bioremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Copper and zinc at 400 mg kg −1 inhibited Medicago lupulina growth.
- Taxon
- Medicago lupulina
Medicago lupulinae0 - Treatment
- 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 +e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments showed that 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + greatly inhibited plant growth, but dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286 significantly increased the number of nodules and plant biomass by enhancing antioxidant activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual bacterial inoculation increased nodule number under metal stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago lupulinaMedicago lupulinae0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286e0
- Interactor
- Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020
Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020e0symbiont - Second interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286
Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286e0symbiont - Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments showed that 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + greatly inhibited plant growth, but dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286 significantly increased the number of nodules and plant biomass by enhancing antioxidant activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual bacterial inoculation increased plant biomass under metal stress.
- Taxon
- Medicago lupulinaMedicago lupulinae0
- Treatment
- dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286e0
- Interactor
- Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pot experiments showed that 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + greatly inhibited plant growth, but dual inoculation of Medicago lupulina with Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286 significantly increased the number of nodules and plant biomass by enhancing antioxidant activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation raised nodule number by 48.5% versus Sinorhizobium inoculation under combined metal stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- Sinorhizobium meliloti
Sinorhizobium melilotie0symbiont - Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 48.5%e0
- Comparator
- plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium melilotie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under double stress of 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + , the nodule number and nitrogenase activities of dual-inoculated plants were 48.5% and 154.4% higher, respectively, than those of plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti .”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation raised nitrogenase activities by 154.4% versus Sinorhizobium inoculation under combined metal stress.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Interactor
- Sinorhizobium melilotiSinorhizobium melilotie0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogenase activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 154.4%e0
- Comparator
- plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium melilotie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under double stress of 400 mg kg −1 Cu 2 + and Zn 2 + , the nodule number and nitrogenase activities of dual-inoculated plants were 48.5% and 154.4% higher, respectively, than those of plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti .”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation increased root lengths by 32.6% versus control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- root and above-ground portion lengthse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 32.6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root and above-ground portion lengths of the dual-inoculated plants were 32.6% and 14.1% greater, respectively, than those of the control, while the root and above-ground portion dry weights were 34.3% and 32.2% greater, respectively, than those of the control.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation increased above-ground portion lengths by 14.1% versus control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- above-ground portione0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- root and above-ground portion lengthse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 14.1%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root and above-ground portion lengths of the dual-inoculated plants were 32.6% and 14.1% greater, respectively, than those of the control, while the root and above-ground portion dry weights were 34.3% and 32.2% greater, respectively, than those of the control.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation increased root dry weights by 34.3% versus control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- root and above-ground portion dry weightse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 34.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root and above-ground portion lengths of the dual-inoculated plants were 32.6% and 14.1% greater, respectively, than those of the control, while the root and above-ground portion dry weights were 34.3% and 32.2% greater, respectively, than those of the control.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation increased above-ground portion dry weights by 32.2% versus control.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Organ / stage
- above-ground portione0
- Treatment
- dual-inoculated plantse0
- Outcome
- root and above-ground portion dry weightse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 32.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root and above-ground portion lengths of the dual-inoculated plants were 32.6% and 14.1% greater, respectively, than those of the control, while the root and above-ground portion dry weights were 34.3% and 32.2% greater, respectively, than those of the control.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% relative to S. meliloti alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- coinoculatione0
- Interactor
- S. melilotiSinorhizobium melilotie0symbiont
- Outcome
- total Cu uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.1%e0
- Comparator
- S. melilotie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with S. meliloti and A. tumefaciens single inoculation, coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% and 47.5% and increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% and 44.2%, respectively, under double metal stress conditions.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 47.5% relative to A. tumefaciens alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- coinoculatione0
- Interactor
- A. tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- total Cu uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 47.5%e0
- Comparator
- A. tumefaciense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with S. meliloti and A. tumefaciens single inoculation, coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% and 47.5% and increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% and 44.2%, respectively, under double metal stress conditions.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% relative to S. meliloti alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- coinoculatione0
- Interactor
- S. melilotiSinorhizobium melilotie0symbiont
- Outcome
- total Zn uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.4%e0
- Comparator
- S. melilotie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with S. meliloti and A. tumefaciens single inoculation, coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% and 47.5% and increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% and 44.2%, respectively, under double metal stress conditions.”
t0“alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation increased total Zn uptake by 44.2% relative to A. tumefaciens alone.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- coinoculatione0
- Interactor
- A. tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciense0symbiont
- Outcome
- total Zn uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.2%e0
- Comparator
- A. tumefaciense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with S. meliloti and A. tumefaciens single inoculation, coinoculation increased total Cu uptake by 39.1% and 47.5% and increased total Zn uptake by 35.4% and 44.2%, respectively, under double metal stress conditions.”
t0“alfalfa”
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See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.