Abstract
Soil microbial communities have a profound influence on soil chemical processes and subsequently influence tree nutrition and growth. This study examined how the addition of a commercial inoculum or forest‐collected soils influenced nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics, soil microbial community structure, and growth in Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings. Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species and altered soil N dynamics in Prunus and soil P dynamics in Liriodendron . Prunus saplings receiving whole forest soil transfers had a higher rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and ammonia content at the end of the first growing season when compared to unmanipulated control saplings. Inoculation with whole forest soil transfers resulted in increased inorganic phosphorus in Liriodendron rhizosphere soils. The number of AMF terminal restriction fragments was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils of Liriodendron saplings inoculated with whole forest soil transfers and Prunus saplings receiving either inoculum source than control saplings. Forest soil inoculation also increased AMF colonization and suppressed stem elongation in Liriodendron after 16 months; conversely, Prunus AMF colonization was unchanged and stem elongation was significantly greater when saplings were inoculated with whole forest soil transfers. Longer term monitoring of tree response to inoculation will be essential to assess whether early costs of AMF colonization may provide long‐term benefits. This study provides insight into how practitioners can use microbial inoculation to alter AMF community structure and functioning, subsequently influencing tree growth and nutrient cycling during the restoration of degraded lands.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation method determined AMF community structure in both trees.
- Taxon
- Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina
Liriodendron tulipifera
Prunus serotinat0 - Treatment
- Inoculation methode0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structuree0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation altered soil N dynamics in Prunus.
PrunusNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered soil N dynamics in Prunus”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
e1“Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation altered soil P dynamics in Liriodendron.
- Taxon
- Liriodendron
Liriodendrone0 - Treatment
- Inoculation methode1
- Outcome
- soil P dynamicse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil P dynamics in Liriodendron”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
e1“Inoculation method was an important determinant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community structure in both species”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil transfer raised Prunus rhizosphere carbon/nitrogen ratio.
- Treatment
- whole forest soil transferse0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- unmanipulated control saplingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prunus saplings receiving whole forest soil transfers had a higher rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and ammonia content at the end of the first growing season when compared to unmanipulated control saplings”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil transfer raised Prunus rhizosphere ammonia.
- Treatment
- whole forest soil transferse0
- Outcome
- ammonia contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- unmanipulated control saplingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prunus saplings receiving whole forest soil transfers had a higher rhizosphere soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and ammonia content at the end of the first growing season when compared to unmanipulated control saplings”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil transfer increased inorganic phosphorus in Liriodendron rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- LiriodendronLiriodendrone0
- Treatment
- whole forest soil transferse0
- Outcome
- inorganic phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with whole forest soil transfers resulted in increased inorganic phosphorus in Liriodendron rhizosphere soils”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF fragment number was greater in inoculated Liriodendron rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- LiriodendronLiriodendrone0
- Treatment
- whole forest soil transferse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of AMF terminal restriction fragmentse0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of AMF terminal restriction fragments was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils of Liriodendron saplings inoculated with whole forest soil transfers”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF fragment number was greater in inoculated Prunus rhizospheres.
- Treatment
- either inoculum sourcee0
- Outcome
- AMF terminal restriction fragmentse1
- Comparator
- control saplingse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prunus saplings receiving either inoculum source than control saplings”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
e1“The number of AMF terminal restriction fragments was significantly greater in rhizosphere soils of Liriodendron saplings inoculated with whole forest soil transfers”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil increased AMF colonization of Liriodendron.
- Taxon
- LiriodendronLiriodendront0
- Treatment
- Forest soil inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forest soil inoculation also increased AMF colonization”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil suppressed Liriodendron stem elongation.
- Taxon
- LiriodendronLiriodendrone0
- Treatment
- Forest soil inoculatione1
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppressed stem elongation in Liriodendron after 16 months”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”
e1“Forest soil inoculation also increased AMF colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Prunus AMF colonization was unchanged.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prunus AMF colonization was unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Forest soil transfer significantly increased Prunus stem elongation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem elongation was significantly greater when saplings were inoculated with whole forest soil transfers”
t0“Liriodendron tulipifera and Prunus serotina tree saplings”