Abstract
Over a 4-yr period, glyphosate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was applied over-the-top to soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] at five rates, from 0.56 to 3.36 kg/ha, at four periods of time prior to harvest, 23 to 29 days, 15 to 21 days, 7 to 12 days, and 1 to 4 days. Soybean yields were reduced when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest. Soybean seed were discolored following all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harvest, following glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest, and following glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha applied 7 to 12 days before harvest. Germination of soybean seed was reduced at 30 C only when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest, or at 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest. At alternating temperatures (10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 h), all treatments applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean seed germination; glyphosate at 1.12, 1.68, and 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest also reduced germination. Seed from plots treated with glyphosate 23 to 29 or 15 to 21 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants. Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced the oil content in soybean seed, but none of the treatments consistently affected the protein content.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean yield.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean yields were reduced when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
All five glyphosate rates 23 to 29 days before harvest discolored soybean seed.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- seed were discolorede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seed were discolored following all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha 15 to 21 days before harvest discolored soybean seed.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- seed were discolorede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seed were discolored following all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harvest, following glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha 7 to 12 days before harvest discolored soybean seed.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha applied 7 to 12 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- seed were discolorede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seed were discolored following all five rates of glyphosate applied 23 to 29 days before harvest, following glyphosate at 1.12 to 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest, and following glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha applied 7 to 12 days before harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 C, glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced seed germination.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- Germination of soybean seede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 30 Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of soybean seed was reduced at 30 C only when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 C, glyphosate at 3.36 kg/ha 15 to 21 days before harvest reduced seed germination.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- Germination of soybean seede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 30 Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of soybean seed was reduced at 30 C only when glyphosate was applied at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest, or at 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alternating temperatures, all glyphosate treatments 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced germination.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- all treatments applied 23 to 29 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At alternating temperatures (10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 h), all treatments applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alternating temperatures, glyphosate at 1.12, 1.68 and 3.36 kg/ha 15 to 21 days before harvest reduced germination.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 1.12, 1.68, and 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At alternating temperatures (10.6 C for 72 h followed by 30 C for 72 h), all treatments applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean seed germination; glyphosate at 1.12, 1.68, and 3.36 kg/ha applied 15 to 21 days before harvest also reduced germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treated 23 to 29 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- glyphosate 23 to 29e0
- Outcome
- atypical soybean plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed from plots treated with glyphosate 23 to 29 or 15 to 21 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treated 15 to 21 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 15 to 21 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- atypical soybean plantse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed from plots treated with glyphosate 23 to 29 or 15 to 21 days before harvest produced atypical soybean plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced soybean seed oil content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha applied 23 to 29 days before harveste0
- Outcome
- oil content in soybean seede0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate at 2.24 and 3.36 kg/ha applied 23 to 29 days before harvest reduced the oil content in soybean seed”
Claim · model-written summary
No glyphosate treatment consistently affected soybean seed protein content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“none of the treatments consistently affected the protein content.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max)”
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