Abstract
The poor competition ability of chickpea opens the door for weed to cause a serious yield loss. The experimental field is conducted to evaluate the integrated effects of pre-emergence herbicides and hand-weeding on weed control, yield components, yield, and their economic feasibility for cost effective weed control in chickpea. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments viz. pre-emergence s-metolachlor (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha−1) and pendimethalin (1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 kg ha−1), each at three rates metolachlor, s-metolachlor + one-hand-weeding, pendimethalin + one-hand-weeding, two-hand-weeding, complete weed free and weedy checks arranged. The weed flora consisted of broadleaved and sedge with the relative densities of 95.24 and 4.76% at Haramaya district, and 93.72 and 6.28%, at Hirna district, respectively. Application of s-metolachlor and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE significantly (p ≤ 0.01) affected the broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weight at both sites. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE gave the lowest total number of weeds (21.78 m−2) following the weed free check. Higher average grain yield (2344.41 kg ha−1 or 234.441 g m−2) was produced with s-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with one-hand-weeding 5 WAE following complete weed-free. The benefit gained from s-metolachlor and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAE were greater than the value recorded from the weedy check by 216% and 198 %, respectively. S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE treatments resulted in the highest grain yield and economic benefit. However, in case labour is constraint and s-metolachlor herbicide is timely available, pre emergence application of s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg ha−1 should be the alternative to preclude the yield loss and to ensure maximum benefit. Herbicides application is an integral part of farmer’s crop management in modern agricultural systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg/ha plus hand weeding at 5 WAE gave the fewest weeds, after the weed-free check.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAEe1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- total number of weedse1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 21.78 m−2e1
- Comparator
- weed free checke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e1“S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE gave the lowest total number of weeds (21.78 m−2) following the weed free check”
Claim · model-written summary
s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg/ha plus one hand weeding gave higher grain yield than complete weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with one-hand-weeding 5 WAEe2
- Outcome
- average grain yielde2
- Direction
- Highere2
- Value
- 2344.41 kg ha−1e2
- Comparator
- complete weed-freee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e2“Higher average grain yield (2344.41 kg ha−1 or 234.441 g m−2) was produced with s-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with one-hand-weeding 5 WAE following complete weed-free”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefit from s-metolachlor was 216% greater than the weedy check.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- s-metolachlore3
- Outcome
- benefit gainede3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 216%e3
- Qualifier
- at 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAEe3
- Comparator
- weedy checke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e3“The benefit gained from s-metolachlor and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAE were greater than the value recorded from the weedy check by 216% and 198 %”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefit from pendimethalin was 198 % greater than the weedy check.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pendimethaline3
- Outcome
- benefit gainede3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 198 %e3
- Qualifier
- at 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAEe3
- Comparator
- weedy checke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e3“The benefit gained from s-metolachlor and pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with one hand weeding 5 WAE were greater than the value recorded from the weedy check by 216% and 198 %”
Claim · model-written summary
s-metolachlor at 1.0 kg/ha plus hand weeding gave the highest grain yield and economic benefit.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAEe4
- Outcome
- grain yield and economic benefite4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e4“S-metolachlor 1.0 kg ha−1 supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE treatments resulted in the highest grain yield and economic benefit”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg/ha should be the alternative when labour is limited, to prevent yield loss.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pre emergence application of s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg ha−1e5
- Outcome
- yield losse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e5“pre emergence application of s-metolachlor at 2.0 kg ha−1 should be the alternative to preclude the yield loss and to ensure maximum benefit”
Claim · model-written summary
s-metolachlor and pendimethalin with hand weeding significantly affected broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weight at both sites.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAEe6
- Interactor
- broadleaved weedse6weed
- Outcome
- broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weighte6
- Qualifier
- p ≤ 0.01e6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e6“Application of s-metolachlor and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha−1 each supplemented with hand weeding 5 WAE significantly (p ≤ 0.01) affected the broadleaved weeds, sedges and weed dry weight at both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed flora at Haramaya was 95.24% broadleaved and sedge weeds, by relative density.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- broadleaved and sedgee7weed
- Outcome
- relative densitiese7
- Value
- 95.24 and 4.76%e7
- Setting
- Haramaya districte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e7“The weed flora consisted of broadleaved and sedge with the relative densities of 95.24 and 4.76% at Haramaya district”
Claim · model-written summary
The weed flora at Hirna was 93.72% broadleaved and sedge weeds, by relative density.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- broadleaved and sedgee7weed
- Outcome
- relative densitiese7
- Value
- 93.72 and 6.28%e6
- Setting
- Hirna districte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Integrated weed management in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”
e6“and 93.72 and 6.28%, at Hirna district, respectively”
e7“The weed flora consisted of broadleaved and sedge with the relative densities of 95.24 and 4.76% at Haramaya district”
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See all 121 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.