Abstract
Purpose. In our experiment, effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area.Methods. In the first year we applied mechanical weed control in addition to pre-emergence herbicide (May 19, 2018) and 6–8 leaf chickpeas (June 20, 2018) in addition to post-emergence herbicide treatments. The year 2019 was different in that after the pre-emergence treatment (April 10, 2019), the post-emergence treatment of chickpeas with 6–8 leaf condition (May 15, 2019) was repeated in the budding state (June 18, 2019). The yield components one way analysis of variance was prepared using SPSS 22 software and graphic representation of the development of the plants was carried out Svab's cumulative yield analysis.Results. The effect of the treatments of 2018 and 2019 on the yield elements of chickpeas can be illustrated graphically in Figure 1 and Figure 2. For both years, the data are from plots of the ʻRealeʼ variety, where the 100% level is made up of the yield elements of the weed-free plots, and the yield elements of the other treatments are compared to this. Figure 1 shows that the number of shoots per unit area (1 m2) of weed-free plots that did not control weeds was 15%, the number of pods 45%, the number of seeds 58% and the weight of seeds 49% less than the weed-free control plots the same crop elements. Weeds were also significantly present in the plots treated only with pre-emergence treatment in the second half of the growing season, so the number of shoots per unit area was 3 %, the number of pods 23 %, the number of seeds 34% and the seed weight 35 % lower, as on weed-free plots. In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots. Conclusions. Our two-year weed survey results show that the later sowing time of chickpeas favored warm-loving weeds. This is in complete agreement with the opinion of Nagy (2017), who found that sowing time determines the predominant weed species in a given area. At the same time, the statement of Kurnik (1970) was not confirmed, since in our experiment we proved in the case of ʻRealeʼ cultivar that the later sowing stock in 2018 gave higher yields than the plots with earlier sowing time in 2019. The changing weather caused by climate change makes the site characteristics of the given period much more unpredictable, so the yield is determined much more by the field factors developed during the growing season than by the calendar period.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Plots that did not control weeds had 15% fewer shoots per unit area than weed-free control plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeas
Cicer arietinume1 - Treatment
- did not control weedse2
- Interactor
- weedse2weed
- Outcome
- number of shoots per unit areae2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Value
- 15%e2
- Comparator
- weed-free control plotse2
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e2“the number of shoots per unit area (1 m2) of weed-free plots that did not control weeds was 15%, the number of pods 45%, the number of seeds 58% and the weight of seeds 49% less than the weed-free control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots that did not control weeds had 45% fewer pods than weed-free control plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- did not control weedse2
- Interactor
- weedse2weed
- Outcome
- number of podse2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Value
- 45%e2
- Comparator
- weed-free control plotse2
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e2“the number of shoots per unit area (1 m2) of weed-free plots that did not control weeds was 15%, the number of pods 45%, the number of seeds 58% and the weight of seeds 49% less than the weed-free control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots that did not control weeds had 58% fewer seeds than weed-free control plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- did not control weedse2
- Interactor
- weedse2weed
- Outcome
- number of seedse2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Value
- 58%e2
- Comparator
- weed-free control plotse2
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e2“the number of shoots per unit area (1 m2) of weed-free plots that did not control weeds was 15%, the number of pods 45%, the number of seeds 58% and the weight of seeds 49% less than the weed-free control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots that did not control weeds had 49% lower seed weight than weed-free control plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- did not control weedse2
- Interactor
- weedse2weed
- Outcome
- weight of seedse2
- Direction
- lesse2
- Value
- 49%e2
- Comparator
- weed-free control plotse2
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e2“the number of shoots per unit area (1 m2) of weed-free plots that did not control weeds was 15%, the number of pods 45%, the number of seeds 58% and the weight of seeds 49% less than the weed-free control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated only with pre-emergence herbicide had 3% fewer shoots per unit area than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- treated only with pre-emergence treatmente3
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- number of shoots per unit areae3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 3 %e3
- Comparator
- weed-free plotse3
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e3“Weeds were also significantly present in the plots treated only with pre-emergence treatment in the second half of the growing season, so the number of shoots per unit area was 3 %, the number of pods 23 %, the number of seeds 34% and the seed weight 35 % lower, as on weed-free plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated only with pre-emergence herbicide had 23% fewer pods than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- treated only with pre-emergence treatmente3
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- number of podse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 23 %e3
- Comparator
- weed-free plotse3
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e3“Weeds were also significantly present in the plots treated only with pre-emergence treatment in the second half of the growing season, so the number of shoots per unit area was 3 %, the number of pods 23 %, the number of seeds 34% and the seed weight 35 % lower, as on weed-free plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated only with pre-emergence herbicide had 34% fewer seeds than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- treated only with pre-emergence treatmente3
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- number of seedse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 34%e3
- Comparator
- weed-free plotse3
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e3“Weeds were also significantly present in the plots treated only with pre-emergence treatment in the second half of the growing season, so the number of shoots per unit area was 3 %, the number of pods 23 %, the number of seeds 34% and the seed weight 35 % lower, as on weed-free plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated only with pre-emergence herbicide had 35% lower seed weight than weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- treated only with pre-emergence treatmente3
- Interactor
- Weedse3weed
- Outcome
- seed weighte3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 35 %e3
- Comparator
- weed-free plotse3
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e3“Weeds were also significantly present in the plots treated only with pre-emergence treatment in the second half of the growing season, so the number of shoots per unit area was 3 %, the number of pods 23 %, the number of seeds 34% and the seed weight 35 % lower, as on weed-free plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced plants per unit area by 1% relative to mechanically weed-controlled plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- number of plants per unit areae4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 1%e4
- Comparator
- mechanically weed-controlled plotse4
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e4“In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced shoots by 3–10% relative to mechanically weed-controlled plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- number of shootse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 3–10%e4
- Comparator
- mechanically weed-controlled plotse4
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e4“In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced pods by 5–12% relative to mechanically weed-controlled plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- number of podse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 5–12%e4
- Comparator
- mechanically weed-controlled plotse4
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e4“In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced seeds by 13–18% relative to mechanically weed-controlled plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- number of seedse4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 13–18%e4
- Comparator
- mechanically weed-controlled plotse4
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e4“In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments reduced seed weight by 1–5% relative to mechanically weed-controlled plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- seed weighte4
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 1–5%e4
- Comparator
- mechanically weed-controlled plotse4
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e4“In the case of herbicide treatments, the decrease in yield elements was much smaller: the number of plants per unit area by 1%, the number of shoots by 3–10%, the number of pods by 5–12%, the number of seeds by 13–18%, the seed weight was by 1–5% less than on mechanically weed-controlled plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Later sowing of chickpeas favored warm-loving weeds.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- later sowing timee5
- Interactor
- warm-loving weedse5weed
- Outcome
- warm-loving weedse5
- Direction
- favorede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e5“the later sowing time of chickpeas favored warm-loving weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Later-sown chickpea stock in 2018 gave higher yields than earlier-sown plots in 2019.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- later sowing stocke6
- Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- earlier sowing timee6
- Setting
- Szeged-Öthalom experimental areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e6“the later sowing stock in 2018 gave higher yields than the plots with earlier sowing time in 2019”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield is determined much more by field factors developed during the growing season than by the calendar period.
- Taxon
- chickpeasCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- field factors developed during the growing seasone7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Comparator
- calendar periode7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“effect of weed technologies on chickpeas (Cicer arietium L.) was set up in 2018 and 2019 at the Szeged-Öthalom experimental area”
e7“so the yield is determined much more by the field factors developed during the growing season than by the calendar period”
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