Abstract
(1) Background: Spain is the sixth strawberry producer in the world, with about 6500 ha producing more than 350,000 tons, and an annual commercial value about 390 million €. Stunted and dead strawberry plants are frequently associated with plant-parasitic nematodes, but nematode diseases have not been characterized to date in the country. (2) Methods: A poll on the perception of the impact of nematodes on strawberry production was carried out by face-to-face interviews with farm advisors. In addition, nematological field surveys were carried out at the end of the growing season in 2017 and 2018 to determine prevalence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes in strawberry crops. The host suitability to Meloidogyne hapla of seventeen strawberry cultivars and the tolerance limit to M. hapla at progressively higher initial population densities (Pi) were assessed in pot experiments in a growth chamber. Comparison of the relative efficacies of several soil disinfestation methods in controlling nematode populations (M. hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans) was carried out in experimental field trials for twelve consecutive years. (3) Results: Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hemicycliophora spp. were the main plant-parasitic nematodes in the strawberry fields in South Spain. Root-knot nematodes were found in 90% of the fields, being M. hapla the most prevalent species (71% of the fields). A tolerance limit of 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soil was estimated for strawberry, and currently cropped strawberry cultivars did not show resistance to M. hapla. Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide. The efficacy of metam-sodium in reducing nematode populations was about 50% and that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%. Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced soil nematode populations by 68–73%. (4) Conclusions: Plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Hemicycliophora) are widely distributed in the strawberry fields of Southern Spain. Strawberry is a poor host for M. hapla with a tolerance limit of 0.2 J2 per g of soil, and low population increases in cropping cycles of 7–8 months. Strawberry cultivars show a range of susceptibility and tolerance to M. hapla, but no resistance is found. Nematodes are effectively controlled by chemical fumigation of soils, but soil biosolarization is equally effective, and therefore, can be proposed as a sustainable alternative for pathogen control in strawberry cultivation.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hemicycliophora spp. were the main nematodes in South Spain strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee0pathogen - Second interactor
- Pratylenchus penetrans
Pratylenchus penetranse0pathogen - Outcome
- main plant-parasitic nematodese0
- Qualifier
- Hemicycliophora spp.e0
- Setting
- South Spaine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus penetrans, and Hemicycliophora spp. were the main plant-parasitic nematodes in the strawberry fields in South Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot nematodes occurred in 90% of surveyed strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Root-knot nematodesMeloidogynee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Root-knot nematodes were founde0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Setting
- Southern Spaint0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root-knot nematodes were found in 90% of the fields”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
M. hapla occurred in 71% of surveyed strawberry fields.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- M. hapla
Meloidogyne haplae0pathogen - Outcome
- most prevalent speciese0
- Value
- 71%e0
- Setting
- Southern Spaint0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. hapla the most prevalent species (71% of the fields)”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
The estimated strawberry tolerance limit was 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soil.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- tolerance limite0
- Value
- 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tolerance limit of 0.2 M. hapla juveniles per g of soil was estimated for strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Currently cropped strawberry cultivars showed no resistance to M. hapla.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- currently cropped strawberry cultivarse0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- did not show resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“currently cropped strawberry cultivars did not show resistance to M. hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene reduced nematode population density by more than 70%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropenee0
- Outcome
- Nematode population densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fumigation with dazomet reduced nematode population density by more than 70%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dazomete0
- Outcome
- Nematode population densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fumigation with dimethyl-disulfide reduced nematode population density by more than 70%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- dimethyl-disulfidee0
- Outcome
- Nematode population densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fumigation with methyl iodide reduced nematode population density by more than 70%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- methyl iodidee0
- Outcome
- Nematode population densitiese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode population densities were reduced by more than 70% by soil fumigation with 1,3-dichloropropene, dazomet, dimethyl-disulfide, and methyl iodide”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Metam-sodium reduced nematode populations by about 50%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- metam-sodiume0
- Outcome
- nematode populationse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- about 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacy of metam-sodium in reducing nematode populations was about 50%”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloropicrin reduced nematode populations by less than 40%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- chloropicrine0
- Outcome
- nematode populationse1
- Value
- less than 40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%”
e1“in reducing nematode populations”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Furfural reduced nematode populations by less than 40%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- furfurale0
- Outcome
- nematode populationse1
- Value
- less than 40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%”
e1“in reducing nematode populations”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium-azide reduced nematode populations by less than 40%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- sodium-azidee0
- Outcome
- nematode populationse1
- Value
- less than 40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of chloropicrin, furfural, and sodium-azide, less than 40%”
e1“in reducing nematode populations”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Biosolarization reduced soil nematode populations by 68–73%.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization)e0
- Outcome
- soil nematode populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 68–73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combination of solarization with organic manures (biosolarization) reduced soil nematode populations by 68–73%”
t0“Strawberry Fields of Southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry was a poor host for M. hapla, with low nematode population increases over 7–8 month crop cycles.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- poor host for M. haplae0
- Qualifier
- low population increases in cropping cycles of 7–8 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry is a poor host for M. hapla with a tolerance limit of 0.2 J2 per g of soil, and low population increases in cropping cycles of 7–8 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry cultivars varied in susceptibility and tolerance to M. hapla.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- M. haplaMeloidogyne haplae0pathogen
- Outcome
- range of susceptibility and tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strawberry cultivars show a range of susceptibility and tolerance to M. hapla”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose soil biosolarization as a sustainable alternative for nematode control in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- soil biosolarization is equally effective, and therefore, can be proposed as a sustainable alternative for pathogen controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil biosolarization is equally effective, and therefore, can be proposed as a sustainable alternative for pathogen control in strawberry cultivation”
The same questions in other papers
metam-sodium · Nematoda · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
dimethyl disulfide · Nematoda · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
iodomethane · Nematoda · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
dazomet · Nematoda · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
solarization · Nematoda · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.