Abstract
The performance of three apple ( Malus× domesticaBorkh.) cultivars (‘Braeburn, ‘Gibson Golden Delicious’ and ‘Yataka Fuji’) on two dwarfing rootstocks (M.9 T337 and Mark) was studied for five years at multiple sites across North America as part of a large international cultivar evaluation trial. The trees were trained as slender spindles, and arranged in a randomized block design at each site. Cultural practices followed regional commercial recommendations, except that no calcium was applied. The effect of rootstock on cultivar performance was examined. Whether trees were propagated on Mark or M.9 made no difference to cultivar comparisons of the number of days between bloom and maturity, nor fruit red color, soluble solids concentration, or length/ diameter ratio, but these measures were affected by location and/or location x cultivar interaction. Scion differences in bloom density ratings were consistent across all rootstocks and locations, with ‘Braeburn’ having the greatest bloom density, followed by ‘Golden Delicious’, and then ‘Yataka Fuji.’ Skin russet was unaffected by rootstock; ‘Golden Delicious’ had slightly more russet than ‘Braeburn’. Rootstock affected flesh firmness consistently, with fruit from trees on Mark being about 0.27 kg firmer than on M.9. Rootstock differentially affected cultivar fruit size, flesh titratable acidity and yield efficiency. However, the cultivar x rootstock interaction effect was small compared to location differences for fruit size and yield efficiency, and its effect on fruit acidity was limited to one location. Rootstock influenced cultivar tree size (trunk cross-sectional area, tree height and spread), but the presence, direction and magnitude of the rootstock effect varied with location and cultivar. At sites and for scions where tree size differed significantly between rootstocks, trees on Mark tended to be larger than those on M.9 in sites with cold winters and smaller than on M.9 in southern sites. Rootstock also affected cumulative yield; the extent and direction of the effect varied with location but not cultivar. At the majority of locations, ‘Golden Delicious’ was more productive than ‘Braeburn,’ but not more yield-efficient. At 13 of 19 locations, ‘Golden Delicious’ was more yield-efficient than ‘Yataka Fuji’.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Mark versus M.9 did not change cultivar comparisons for bloom to maturity days, red color and soluble solids.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Outcome
- number of days between bloom and maturity, nor fruit red color, soluble solids concentratione0
- Direction
- made no differencee0
- Comparator
- Mark or M.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whether trees were propagated on Mark or M.9 made no difference to cultivar comparisons of the number of days between bloom and maturity, nor fruit red color, soluble solids concentration, or length/ diameter ratio”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Mark versus M.9 did not change cultivar comparisons for fruit length to diameter ratio.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- length/ diameter ratioe0
- Direction
- made no differencee0
- Comparator
- Mark or M.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whether trees were propagated on Mark or M.9 made no difference to cultivar comparisons of the number of days between bloom and maturity, nor fruit red color, soluble solids concentration, or length/ diameter ratio”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Location or its interaction with cultivar affected bloom to maturity days, red color, soluble solids and fruit shape.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Outcome
- these measurese0
- Setting
- location and/or location x cultivar interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these measures were affected by location and/or location x cultivar interaction”
e1“number of days between bloom and maturity, nor fruit red color, soluble solids concentration, or length/ diameter ratio”
e2“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Braeburn had the greatest bloom density, followed by Golden Delicious and Yataka Fuji, consistently across rootstocks and sites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Braeburn’e0
- Outcome
- bloom densitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scion differences in bloom density ratings were consistent across all rootstocks and locations, with ‘Braeburn’ having the greatest bloom density, followed by ‘Golden Delicious’, and then ‘Yataka Fuji.’”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock did not affect apple skin russet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- Skin russete0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- rootstocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Skin russet was unaffected by rootstock”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious had slightly more skin russet than Braeburn.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
- Outcome
- russete0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- ‘Braeburn’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Golden Delicious’ had slightly more russet than ‘Braeburn’”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple fruit on Mark rootstock were about 0.27 kg firmer than on M.9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Marke0
- Outcome
- firmere0
- Direction
- firmere0
- Value
- 0.27 kge0
- Comparator
- M.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit from trees on Mark being about 0.27 kg firmer than on M.9”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock effects on apple fruit size varied by cultivar.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Qualifier
- differentially affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock differentially affected cultivar fruit size, flesh titratable acidity and yield efficiency”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock effects on apple flesh titratable acidity varied by cultivar and were limited to one location.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Outcome
- flesh titratable aciditye0
- Qualifier
- limited to one locatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock differentially affected cultivar fruit size, flesh titratable acidity and yield efficiency”
e1“its effect on fruit acidity was limited to one location”
e2“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock effects on apple yield efficiency varied by cultivar but were small compared with location differences.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Outcome
- yield efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- small compared to location differencese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock differentially affected cultivar fruit size, flesh titratable acidity and yield efficiency”
e1“the cultivar x rootstock interaction effect was small compared to location differences for fruit size and yield efficiency”
e2“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock effects on apple tree trunk area, height and spread varied by location and cultivar.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- trunk cross-sectional area, tree height and spreade0
- Qualifier
- varied with location and cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock influenced cultivar tree size (trunk cross-sectional area, tree height and spread), but the presence, direction and magnitude of the rootstock effect varied with location and cultivar”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Where rootstocks differed significantly in tree size, Mark trees tended to be larger than M.9 in cold winter sites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Marke0
- Outcome
- largere0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- M.9e0
- Setting
- sites with cold winterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trees on Mark tended to be larger than those on M.9 in sites with cold winters”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Where rootstocks differed significantly in tree size, Mark trees tended to be smaller than M.9 in southern sites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Material
- Marke1
- Outcome
- smallere0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- M.9e0
- Setting
- southern sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“smaller than on M.9 in southern sites”
e1“trees on Mark tended to be larger than those on M.9 in sites with cold winters and smaller than on M.9 in southern sites”
e2“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Rootstock affected cumulative apple yield, with effect direction and size varying by location but not cultivar.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- cumulative yielde0
- Qualifier
- varied with location but not cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rootstock also affected cumulative yield; the extent and direction of the effect varied with location but not cultivar”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious was more productive than Braeburn at most locations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
- Outcome
- productivee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- ‘Braeburn,’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the majority of locations, ‘Golden Delicious’ was more productive than ‘Braeburn,’ but not more yield-efficient”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious was not more yield efficient than Braeburn at most locations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
- Outcome
- yield-efficiente0
- Direction
- not moree0
- Comparator
- ‘Braeburn,’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the majority of locations, ‘Golden Delicious’ was more productive than ‘Braeburn,’ but not more yield-efficient”
e1“three apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious was more yield efficient than Yataka Fuji at 13 of 19 locations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
- Outcome
- yield-efficiente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 13 of 19 locationse0
- Comparator
- ‘Yataka Fuji’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 13 of 19 locations, ‘Golden Delicious’ was more yield-efficient than ‘Yataka Fuji’”
e1“three apple”