Abstract
The inoculation of soil with a bio-fertilizer (BF), with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, characterizes a Symbiotic (S) agriculture mode, aimed at promoting the yield and health of crops through modifications in the rhizosphere as well as in the plant phenotype. The main objective of this study was to reduce the incidence of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS, involving Xylella fastidiosasubsp.pauca) that afflicts the olive groves in Apulia (Italy). Non-inoculated control (C) plants were compared with Symbiotic (S) plants inoculated with 20 kg ha-1 of Micosat F ®, through a 15 cm deep scarification, in the groves of seven farms covering an area of 27 ha. In addition to a visual observation of 484 plants, to obtain a gradation of the disease severity, some objective rapid type methods were utilized to survey the plants and soil , namely leaf pH, NIR tomoscopy of the leaves, hay-litter-bag probes coupled with NIR spectroscopy and the prediction of soil induced respiration. The fingerprinting of the S and C types of leaves and litter-bags was ascertained by means of the use of a random forest algorithm in the classification matrices. The results on the symptoms appeared variable: they were significantly mitigated in two groves out of six, but they were aggravated in one. All the rapid measurements became essentials in a “holistic” model which was able to explain over 95% of the average mitigation / null / aggravation response to BF inoculation. The holistic model gathers differential and compositional analyses of the leaf (pH, crude protein, water) and of the soil (respiration), but depends mainly on the fingerprinting of the C and S leaves and litter-bags. Two keys were identified for a successful inoculation: a high degree of variability of the soil conditions permitting hospitality for the BF with enhancement of the microbial activity in the S soil (lowering the fingerprint of the control litter-bags) and homogeneity of the leaves (with increases in the fingerprint of the S leaves treated with BF). In short, the inoculation of diseased plants with one BF consortium is far from being the ultimate remedy to mitigate OQDS in all situations. Further studies are needed, at a field level, to clarify the soil hosting capacity and to define the mycorrhizal and / or endophytic * plant * pathogen interactions, even using rapid methods.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizer inoculation mitigated OQDS symptoms in two groves.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeat0 - Treatment
- inoculated with 20 kg ha-1 of Micosat F ®e0
- Interactor
- Xylella fastidiosasubsp.paucae2pathogen
- Outcome
- symptomse1
- Direction
- mitigatede1
- Value
- two groves out of sixe1
- Comparator
- Non-inoculated control (C) plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“Non-inoculated control (C) plants were compared with Symbiotic (S) plants inoculated with 20 kg ha-1 of Micosat F ®”
e1“The results on the symptoms appeared variable: they were significantly mitigated in two groves out of six”
e2“Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS, involving Xylella fastidiosasubsp.pauca)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bio-fertilizer aggravated OQDS symptoms in one grove.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- inoculated with 20 kg ha-1 of Micosat F ®e0
- Interactor
- Xylella fastidiosasubsp.paucae2pathogen
- Outcome
- symptomse1
- Direction
- aggravatede1
- Value
- onee1
- Comparator
- Non-inoculated control (C) plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“Non-inoculated control (C) plants were compared with Symbiotic (S) plants inoculated with 20 kg ha-1 of Micosat F ®”
e1“The results on the symptoms appeared variable: they were significantly mitigated in two groves out of six, but they were aggravated in one”
e2“Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS, involving Xylella fastidiosasubsp.pauca)”
Claim · model-written summary
A holistic model explained over 95% of mean symptom response to bio-fertilizer.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- average mitigation / null / aggravation response to BF inoculatione0
- Value
- over 95%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“a “holistic” model which was able to explain over 95% of the average mitigation / null / aggravation response to BF inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The model depended mainly on control and symbiotic leaf and litter-bag fingerprints.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- fingerprinting of the C and S leaves and litter-bagse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“depends mainly on the fingerprinting of the C and S leaves and litter-bags”
Claim · model-written summary
Successful inoculation was associated with variable soil conditions and enhanced microbial activity.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- enhancement of the microbial activity in the S soile0
- Qualifier
- a high degree of variability of the soil conditionse0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“a high degree of variability of the soil conditions permitting hospitality for the BF with enhancement of the microbial activity in the S soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Successful inoculation was associated with more homogeneous leaves.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- fingerprint of the S leavese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“homogeneity of the leaves (with increases in the fingerprint of the S leaves treated with BF)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors caution that a single BF consortium is not a universal OQDS remedy.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- inoculation of diseased plants with one BF consortium is far from being the ultimate remedye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Olive”
e0“the inoculation of diseased plants with one BF consortium is far from being the ultimate remedy to mitigate OQDS in all situations”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · disease · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.