Abstract
Biochar has attained significant attention as a beneficial soil amendment amongst growers and researchers. However, the impact of particle size of biochar is yet to be investigated. Here in the present study, we studied three particle sizes (<2 mm, 2–5 mm, and >5 mm) of biochar and two rhizobia strains (Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)) for their effect on the uptake and efficiency of nitrogen (N) in lentils. The two years experiment followed a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated three times. The data revealed that grain N, straw N, N uptake, N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2 mm). However, the N physiological efficiency, number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size. Furthermore, the smallest particle size showed more number of pod plant−1. Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N but not the grain N. Both strains showed increased NRE and NAE, however, the RL demonstrated 7% more grain N than the RG. Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length, respectively. The RL strain improved the number of branches plant−1 at the lowest (<2 mm) and medium size (2–5 mm) particles size but both RL and RG strains demonstrated increased plant height under the maximum particle size. These results indicated that a mere increase in surface area with decreasing biochar particle size may not serve for enhancing biofertilizer strains performance since reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N applied. However, reducing particle size effect on N cycling into soil plant system was favorable.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Smallest biochar particles maximized grain N, straw N and N uptake.
- Taxon
- lentils
Lens culinarist0 - Treatment
- biochar smallest size (<2 mm)e0
- Outcome
- grain N, straw N, N uptakee0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“grain N, straw N, N uptake, N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Smallest biochar particles maximized N recovery and agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- biochar smallest size (<2 mm)e0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“N recovery efficiency (NRE), and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) were maximum with biochar smallest size (<2 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing biochar particle size decreased N physiological efficiency.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- reduced particle sizee0
- Outcome
- N physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“N physiological efficiency, number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing biochar particle size decreased branch number and plant height.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- reduced particle sizee0
- Outcome
- number of branches and plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“number of branches and plant height decreased with reduced particle size”
Claim · model-written summary
Smallest biochar particles produced more pods per plant.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- smallest particle sizee0
- Outcome
- number of pod plant−1e0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“the smallest particle size showed more number of pod plant−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium leguminoserum and Rhizogold increased straw N significantly.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG)e0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminoserume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizogolde1symbiont
- Outcome
- straw Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N”
e1“Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer strains did not significantly increase grain N.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG)e0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminoserume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizogolde1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain Ne0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Biofertilizer strain (RL and RG) significantly increased the straw N but not the grain N.”
e1“Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both rhizobial strains increased N recovery and agronomic efficiencies.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Both strainse0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminoserume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- Rhizogolde1symbiont
- Outcome
- NRE and NAEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains showed increased NRE and NAE”
e1“Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)”
Claim · model-written summary
RL produced 7% more grain N than RG.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- RLe0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminoserume1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain Ne0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Comparator
- RGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“the RL demonstrated 7% more grain N than the RG”
e1“Rhizobium leguminoserum (RL) and Rhizogold (RG)”
Claim · model-written summary
RL increased branches per plant by 16%.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- RLe0
- Outcome
- number of branches plant−1e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1”
Claim · model-written summary
RG increased branches per plant by 20%.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- RGe0
- Outcome
- number of branches plant−1e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1”
Claim · model-written summary
RL increased plant height by 62%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1, 62% and 48% in plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
RG increased plant height by 48%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1, 62% and 48% in plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
RL increased root length by 2%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length”
Claim · model-written summary
RG increased root length by 5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“Both strains (RL and RG) demonstrated 16% and 20% increase in number of branches plant−1, 62% and 48% in plant height and 2% and 5% in root length”
Claim · model-written summary
RL improved branches at the smallest and medium biochar sizes.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- RL straine0
- Outcome
- number of branches plant−1e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- lowest (<2 mm) and medium size (2–5 mm) particles sizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“The RL strain improved the number of branches plant−1 at the lowest (<2 mm) and medium size (2–5 mm) particles size”
Claim · model-written summary
Both RL and RG increased plant height at the maximum biochar particle size.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- RL and RG strainse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- maximum particle sizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“both RL and RG strains demonstrated increased plant height under the maximum particle size”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested smaller biochar particles may immobilize starter N and fail to enhance biofertilizer strain performance.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- decreasing biochar particle sizee0
- Outcome
- biofertilizer strains performancee0
- Qualifier
- reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“decreasing biochar particle size may not serve for enhancing biofertilizer strains performance since reducing particle size may immobilize the starter N applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing biochar particle size favored N cycling in the soil plant system.
- Taxon
- lentilsLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- reducing particle sizee0
- Outcome
- N cycling into soil plant systeme0
- Direction
- favorablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lentils”
e0“reducing particle size effect on N cycling into soil plant system was favorable”
The same questions in other papers
Rhizobium · growth · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Rhizobium · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
39 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →biochar · nutrient: content · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.