Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of polyethylene film(P.E.) mulching on degradation of the soil insecticides, endosulfan(6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide), fonofos(O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), and ethorprophos(O-ethyl S, S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate) in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields. Degradation of endosulfan, fonofos and ethoprophos in the soils under P.E. mulching and non-mulching followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives of fonofos, ethoprophos, and were , , and days, respectively. There were few differences in the half-lives of fonofos in either mulching or non-mulching concitions. However, half-lives of α-endosulfan, ethoprophos, and were 6, 12 and 25 days longer under P.E. mulching than under non-mulching conditions, respectively. The effect of P.E. mulching on degradation was remarkable for the slower degrading insecticides. Residues of ethoprophos in the harvested sesame under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.024 and 0.074ppm, respectively. Residues of fonofos in the harvested peanuts under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.078 and 0.017ppm, respectively. However, no endosulfan was detected in the harvested red peppers under either condition.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Half-lives of fonofos showed few differences between polyethylene mulching and non-mulching.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesame
Arachis hypogaea
Sesamum indicum
Capsicum annuum var. annuume0 - Treatment
- mulchinge2
- Compound
- fonofose2
- Outcome
- half-lives of fonofose2
- Direction
- few differencese2
- Comparator
- non-mulchinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e2“There were few differences in the half-lives of fonofos in either mulching or non-mulching concitions”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-lives of alpha-endosulfan were 6 days longer under polyethylene mulching than under non-mulching.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesameArachis hypogaeaSesamum indicumCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge3
- Compound
- α-endosulfane3
- Outcome
- half-livese3
- Direction
- longere3
- Value
- 6e3
- Comparator
- non-mulching conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e3“However, half-lives of α-endosulfan, ethoprophos, and were 6, 12 and 25 days longer under P.E. mulching than under non-mulching conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-lives of ethoprophos were 12 days longer under polyethylene mulching than under non-mulching.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesameArachis hypogaeaSesamum indicumCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge3
- Compound
- ethoprophose3
- Outcome
- half-livese3
- Direction
- longere3
- Value
- 12e3
- Comparator
- non-mulching conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e3“However, half-lives of α-endosulfan, ethoprophos, and were 6, 12 and 25 days longer under P.E. mulching than under non-mulching conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-lives of one insecticide not named in the abstract were 25 days longer under polyethylene mulching than under non-mulching.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesameArachis hypogaeaSesamum indicumCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge3
- Outcome
- half-livese3
- Direction
- longere3
- Value
- 25 dayse3
- Comparator
- non-mulching conditionse3
Not reportedCompound
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e3“However, half-lives of α-endosulfan, ethoprophos, and were 6, 12 and 25 days longer under P.E. mulching than under non-mulching conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyethylene mulching had a remarkable effect on degradation of the slower degrading insecticides.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesameArachis hypogaeaSesamum indicumCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge4
- Outcome
- degradatione4
- Direction
- remarkablee4
- Qualifier
- for the slower degrading insecticidese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e4“The effect of P.E. mulching on degradation was remarkable for the slower degrading insecticides”
Claim · model-written summary
Degradation of endosulfan, fonofos and ethoprophos in soil followed first-order kinetics under mulching and non-mulching.
- Taxon
- red pepper, peanut, and sesameArachis hypogaeaSesamum indicumCapsicum annuum var. annuume0
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge1
- Outcome
- followed first-order kineticse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields”
e1“Degradation of endosulfan, fonofos and ethoprophos in the soils under P.E. mulching and non-mulching followed first-order kinetics”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethoprophos residue in harvested sesame was lower under polyethylene mulching than under non-mulching.
- Taxon
- sesameSesamum indicume5
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge5
- Compound
- ethoprophose5
- Outcome
- Residues of ethoprophose5
- Direction
- lowerinferrede5
- Value
- 0.024 and 0.074ppme5
- Comparator
- non-mulching conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Residues of ethoprophos in the harvested sesame under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.024 and 0.074ppm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fonofos residue in harvested peanuts was higher under polyethylene mulching than under non-mulching.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeae6
- Treatment
- P.E. mulchinge6
- Compound
- fonofose6
- Outcome
- Residues of fonofose6
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
- Value
- 0.078 and 0.017ppme6
- Comparator
- non-mulching conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Residues of fonofos in the harvested peanuts under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.078 and 0.017ppm, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
No endosulfan was detected in harvested red peppers under either mulching condition.
- Taxon
- red peppersCapsicum annuum var. annuume7
- Compound
- endosulfane7
- Outcome
- endosulfan was detectede7
- Qualifier
- under either conditione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“However, no endosulfan was detected in the harvested red peppers under either condition”
The same questions in other papers
mulching · molecular: metabolites · Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
mulching · molecular: metabolites · Arachis hypogaea (peanut)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
mulching · molecular: metabolites · Sesamum indicum (sesame)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.